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Supplements
Published in David Lightsey, The Myths about Nutrition Science, 2019
In addition to liver injury, anabolic steroids have been associated with serious reactions such as severe acne, hair loss, altered mood, irritability, increased aggression, and depression. They have also been associated with life-threatening reactions such as kidney damage, heart attack, stroke, pulmonary embolism (blood clots in the lungs), and deep vein thrombosis (blood clots that occur in veins deep in the body).
Magnitude of the problem
Published in Kathleen M Berg, Dermot J Hurley, James A McSherry, Nancy E Strange, ‘Rose’, Eating Disorders, 2018
While there are no reliable prevalence figures for eating disorders in males overall, eating disorders in males are becoming a significant clinical concern. Although there are more overweight men than overweight women, overweight men seem to be less concerned with body weight and image than are overweight women. To turn an epigram, and using hyperbole to make a point, women are seen as concerned about size and weight, men are perceived to be concerned about strength and physical capacity. The numbers of men and women participating in regular exercise programs are pretty well equal, although articles and advertisements in fitness magazines aimed at a predominantly female audience tend to focus on weight (diet, calorie intake, etc.), while similar media messages aimed at men focus on shape (muscle toning, body building, weight lifting, etc.) (Andersen, 1990; Drewnoski and Yee, 1987). Given their known predilection for body mass, men are more likely than women to abuse anabolic steroids and some of their behaviors have an obsessional-compulsive quality similar to those seen in women struggling with eating disorders, a sort of reverse anorexia nervosa.
Anabolic steroids, amyl and butyl nitrite, hypno-sedatives, volatile substances, over-the-counter drugs, smart and eco drugs
Published in G. Hussein Rassool, Alcohol and Drug Misuse, 2017
Steroids are hormones that occur naturally in the body and control the development and functioning of the reproductive system. The term anabolic means to chemically build up or muscle-building. Anabolic steroids are synthetic variations of the male sex hormone testosterone. Some common names for anabolic steroids are Roids, Juice, Gear and Stackers. Steroids are typically used without prescription by athletes and bodybuilders in order to build up muscle mass, reduce the fatigue involved in training regimes, boost self-confidence and improve body image. Anabolic steroids are taken orally, or injected, typically in cycles of weeks or months (referred to as “cycling”), rather than continuously. The doses taken are higher than doses prescribed for the treatment of medical conditions. Steroids can also be applied to the skin as a cream, gel or patch. Synthetic anabolic steroids, in particular, the modified male sex hormone, testosterone, form the main market supplies.
Pre-bout hypertension in the combat sports athlete: clearance recommendations
Published in The Physician and Sportsmedicine, 2023
Kevin deWeber, Ken S Ota, Cicely Dye
Pre-bout hypertension may also be a sign of drug, exogenous hormone, and/or supplement use. Many prescription medications and illicit drugs can cause elevated BP; common culprits are listed in Table 2. Illicit drug users have a 6.5-times increased risk of hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke; cocaine, amphetamines, Ecstasy, ephedrine, phencyclidine, and LSD are known culprits [24]. Hemorrhagic strokes have also been reported after the use of pre-workout supplements [25–27]. Cocaine use can cause sudden cardiac death, life-threatening arrhythmias, myocardial ischemia and infarction, dilated cardiomyopathy, and acute myocarditis [28]. Amphetamines can cause myocardial infarction [29], and energy drinks have been linked to myocardial ischemia [30]. Androgenic anabolic steroid abuse has been linked to arterial hypertension, accelerated progression of coronary artery disease, and increased risk of myocardial infarction [31]. Participating in combat sports, with its vigorous high-static/high-dynamic exercise and repeated head trauma, while these substances are in the body may compound the risk of significant adverse events.
Use and safety of appearance and performance enhancing supplements in gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men receiving daily tenofovir disoproxil fumarate/emtricitabine as HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis
Published in AIDS Care, 2023
Salin Nhean, Alice Tseng, Nancy L. Sheehan, Isaac I. Bogoch
The use of APES may be associated with potential health risks (Favreau et al., 2002; Navarro et al., 2014), including serious hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity (US Food and Drug Administration, 2017). Anabolic steroids are associated with severe adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiovascular disease, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia, hair loss, depression, anxiety, and aggression (Evans, 2004; Food and Drug Administration, 2017). Additionally, there are case reports of otherwise young healthy men who developed acute liver toxicity and elevated serum creatinine (SCr) after ingesting muscle-building supplements containing creatine and whey protein (Avelar-Escobar et al., 2012; Whitt et al., 2008). In 2013, an investigation by the United States government found 17 of 22 patients exposed to a particular weight-loss supplement required hospitalization with one necessitating liver transplant (Chatham-Stephens et al., 2017).
Association between testosterone with type 2 diabetes in adult males, a meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
Published in The Aging Male, 2020
Jianzhong Zhang, Xiao Li, Zhonglin Cai, Hongjun Li, Bin Yang
Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In males, testosterone plays an important role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as penis, testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics. In addition, testosterone is involved in health and well-being, and the prevention of osteoporosis [5,6]. Insufficient levels of testosterone in men may lead to abnormalities including erectile dysfunction, lower urinary tract symptoms, inflammatory diseases and increased cardiovascular risk factors [7–9]. The corresponding is that testosterone supplement therapy can improve glycemic control, urinary and sexual function, voiding symptoms, and quality of life [10–15]. Although the importance of testosterone in maintaining cardiovascular health is still controversial [16], maintaining normal testosterone levels in elderly men has been shown to improve many parameters that are thought to reduce cardiovascular disease risk, such as increased lean body mass, decreased visceral fat mass, decreased total cholesterol, and glycemic control [8].