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Acne Vulgaris
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Acne vulgaris is the most prevalent chronic skin disease in the U.S. It is the most common chronic skin disorder among the adolescent age group, affecting 90%–95% of the midteen population. Acne also affects young adults and can persist into the 30s and 40s.1 It is characterized by areas of pimples (e.g., blackheads, whiteheads, pustules, cysts, etc.), greasy skin, and possible scarring. Acne is primarily thought to be due to overactivity of the sebaceous (oil) glands in the skin where sebum and dead skin block pores and become inflamed. Outbreaks tend to occur where sebaceous glands are most numerous on the face and upper chest, back, or shoulders. Complications include scarring, cutaneous abscesses, and acneiform lesions.
Nanoparticle-Stabilized Liposomes as an Effective Bio-Active Drug Molecule Delivery for Acne Treatment
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Catherine Wilkinson, Marco N. De Canha, Namrita Lall
A multitude of factors cause acne, such as heredity, hormonal changes, anxiety and an imbalance in the skin microbiome resulting in opportunistic bacterial infection. However, there is still uncertainty regarding the exact order of events that occurs in acne development and progression (Garg, 2016; Holland et al., 1998; Khorvash et al., 2012). Environmental and other external factors—such as heat and humidity, smoke, industrial chemicals, hair sprays and comedogenic oil-containing products—can exacerbate the condition by reducing the breathability of the skin and blocking the follicles and pilosebaceous glands (Garg, 2016). One of the major underlying causes of acne progression is inflammation (Holland et al., 1998). However, the involvement of inflammation in the initiation of acne development is not yet clear. Inflammation may have an indirect effect of acne-causing factors, which includes an increase in sebum production and bacterial virulence factors, such as secretory proteins and biofilm formation (Achermann et al., 2014; Dréno et al., 2018; Holland et al., 1998; Jappe, 2003).
Adnexal Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Hasan Aksoy, Jordan V. Wang, Ayşe Serap Karadağ
Isotretinoin is mainly used for the treatment of recalcitrant, severe papulopustular, and nodular acne. Isotretinoin is regarded as the most effective acne treatment; however, recurrence may develop in one-fourth of cases. Recent evidence has suggested higher cumulative doses than the traditional 120–150 mg/kg in more severe cases. Isotretinoin has many mucocutaneous side effects, including cheilitis and xerosis. Serum levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, and transaminases can elevate. The most important side is teratogenicity; therefore, effective contraception and frequent pregnancy testing are important in women of childbearing potential.
Investigating material basis and molecular mechanism of Qing Cuo formula in the treatment of acne based on animal experiments, UPLC-LTQ-Orbitrap-MS and network pharmacology
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yanqi Cao, Jinfeng Liang, Chunguo Wang, Xuejie Bao, Siqi Li, Qi Liu, Bin Zeng, David Humberto Lopez, Ruoxi Yu
Acne is a chronic inflammatory skin disease of hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Studies have found that up to 95% of the population have been effected by acne at different degrees (Ju 2019). It was reported in Europe that 95% of adolescents are affected by acne, causing serious physical and psychological damage (Zouboulis and Bettoli 2015). Modern medicine indicates that acne is a multifactorial disease, and its occurrence is mainly related to factors such as sex hormone levels, sebum secretion, Propionibacterium proliferation, keratinization of hair follicle sebaceous gland ducts and inflammatory response (Eichenfield et al. 2021). Modern medical treatments for acne mainly include general treatment, drug treatment and changes in lifestyle. Commonly used western medicines include spironolactone, cimetidine, glucocorticoids, retinoic acid drugs, antibiotics, benzoyl peroxide, etc. Some new drugs such as oral contraceptives, zinc products, and 5α-reductase inhibitors were also employed (Fox et al. 2016; Cervantes et al. 2018). However, western medicine treatment of acne has many side effects, including skin irritation, gastrointestinal irritation and teratogenicity; the rise of drug resistance has greatly reduced the utility (Fox et al. 2016; Mavranezouli et al. 2022). So safe and effective treatment options for acne are needed to address side effects and increasing rates of antibiotic resistance from current treatments.
Efficacy and tolerability of three topical acne treatments by body mass index: post hoc analysis including overweight and obese patients
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Jonette Keri, Fran E. Cook-Bolden, Lawrence Green, Leon H. Kircik, Hilary Baldwin, William Philip Werschler, Eric Guenin, Radhakrishnan Pillai, Varsha Bhatt
From a pathophysiologic perspective, hormones, diet, and inflammation are associated with both acne and obesity. For example, hormonal changes that occur during puberty (2), in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (18,19), and in women approaching menopause (20) are often associated with acne breakouts (7). High levels of insulin and androgens, including testosterone (1), can lead to increased sebum production (21,22) and trigger inflammation, thereby contributing to acne development (23,24). Although inconsistent results have been reported on the association between diet and acne, high glycemic diets and possibly high-fat diets may be risk factors for the condition (10,24). Appetite, metabolism, and body fat distribution are also impacted by levels of insulin and androgens (25–28), and insulin resistance is linked to obesity (29). Potential mechanisms for acne presentation in obese patients might therefore include dietary factors which lead to inflammation and hormonal imbalances, resulting in acne pathogenesis. Interestingly, though androgen levels are decreased in obese males, obesity in women is associated with hyperandrogenism (30), suggesting a potential sex difference in the hypothetical link between acne and weight.
Azelaic acid loaded chitosan and HPMC based hydrogels for treatment of acne: formulation, characterization, in vitro-ex vivo evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2022
Muhammet Davut Arpa, İkbal Merve Seçen, Ümit Can Erim, Ayşegül Hoş, Neslihan Üstündağ Okur
Acne vulgaris, (frequently called acne), is a common skin disorder, which mostly influences teenagers, yet people from all age groups have been affected at least once in their lifetimes (Yang et al. 2009; Chandrashekha et al. 2015; Eroğlu et al. 2020). Acne classification is performed according to the physical shape as comedonal (whitehead, blackhead), papulopustular (papule, pustule) and nodular, and according to the intensity as mild, moderate and severe (Vyas et al. 2014). Sebum production, accumulation of dead skin cells in follicles and hormonal factors are the endogenous factors that contribute to acne formation; however, the major cause of acne pathogenesis is the microorganisms (Kumar et al. 2016). Among these microorganisms, gram-positive Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes, recently renamed Cutibacterium acnes) has been the primary cause, whereas microorganisms such as Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) are known to increase the severity of this disease (Charnock et al. 2004; Hsieh and Chen 2012; Doǧan et al. 2017; Dreno et al. 2017; Platsidaki and Dessinioti 2018).