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Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Safety Issues of Essential Oils: Applications in Aromatherapy
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Ademola Olabode Ayeleso, T. Jesse Joel, Sujogya Kumar Panda, The Therapeutic Properties of Medicinal Plants, 2019
Anindya Sundar Ray, Suman Kalyan Mandal, Chowdhury Habibur Rahaman
Most common dandruff-causing microorganisms are Malassezia furfur and Pityrosporum ovale. Thymol in Coleus amboinicus and 1-8-Cineol in Eucalyptus globulus were found to have excellent anti-dandruff activity against Malassezia furfur [151]. Most of the antidandruff shampoos contain tea tree oil. In 2002, Satchell et al., [149] established its anti-dandruff efficacy against Pityrosporum ovale [149].
Identification of proper herbs
Published in C. P. Khare, Evidence-based Ayurveda, 2019
Sanskrit verses (shlokas) have been composed by contemporary vaidyas and quoted in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India for giving a classical touch to a number of new botanical drugs as if it is religious conversion. Sanskrit shloka on Erandakarkati (Carica papaya) was composed by Prof. P. V. Sharma (API, Vol. VI); Erandakarkati is itself a nonclassical Sanskritized name of common Indian name Papitaa or papaya. Shlokas on Naahi (Enicostemma axillare, Indian Gentiana); Parnya yavani leaf (Coleus amboinicus, Pattharchuur); Patrasnuhi (Euphorbia nivulia); Takkola (Illicium verum, star anise); Vajrranna (Pennisetum typhoides, pearl millet), composed by contemporary scholars, are also quoted in API, Vol. VI. Such shlokas as a part of a Pharmacopoeia carry a pseudosanctity and are proving a more unethical trend than other adulterants.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Prosopis juliflora bark extract: reaction optimization, antimicrobial and catalytic activities
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Geeta Arya, R. Mankamna Kumari, Nidhi Gupta, Ajeet Kumar, Ramesh Chandra, Surendra Nimesh
Various methodologies have been developed for the preparation of AgNPs, broadly categorized as (1) top-down and (2) bottom-up approach. Top-down method includes physical processes that include the breakdown of solid into nanoparticles, whereas bottom-up method include synthesis of nanoparticles from silver ions by employing chemical, photochemical and biological reactions. Generally, these methods generate toxic chemicals that are expensive and have high energy requirements. To mask these issues of toxicity in biological applications, plant extracts have evolved as one of the most promising options in the biosynthesis of AgNPs. Several phytoconstituents possess both protective and reductive properties that are mainly responsible for the reduction of silver ions to AgNPs [3]. Several studies have been done for biosynthesis of AgNPs from plant extracts including Cinnamon zeylancium bark, Coleus amboinicus lour, Medicago sativa, Citrus sinensis peel, Panax ginseng, Weissella oryza, Terminalia arjuna, Cordia dichotoma, Canarium ovatum [6–14].
Chemical composition and insecticidal properties of essential oils against diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella L.)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2020
Rajkesh Koundal, Shudh Kirti Dolma, Gopi Chand, Vijai K. Agnihotri, S. G. Eswara Reddy
All the EOs deterred feeding (25.56 to 66.07%) by the larvae of P. xylostella at the higher concentration (10 mg mL−1) and feeding deterrence significantly different between the EOs (F6, 69 = 4.42; p < .001) (Table 7). Among the oils, H. spicatum showed significantly higher feeding deterrence (66.07%) and was at par with M. spicata (52.29%) and C. aromatica (48.26%) including positive control (Azadirachtin 0.15% ppm). The feeding deterrence activity significantly less in C. flexuosus (25.56%), C. camphora (31.11%) and M. longifolia (32.52%). However other oils showed 25.56 to 48.26% deterrence (Table 7). Similarly at 5 mg mL−1 the results are similar to that of the higher dose. The present results validated with the findings of Reddy et al. (2016) who reported the EO of A. calamus @ 10 mg mL−1 showed more feeding deterrence to third instar larvae of P. xylostella as compared to Cedrus deodara and T. minuta. In a similar study, EOs from the leaves of Coleus amboinicus (Loureiro), rhizomes of Alpinia pyramidata (Blume) and Curcuma longa (Linnaeus) @ 1000 mg L−1 showed 100% feeding deterrence after 24 h of treatment against second instar larvae of P. xylostella (Javier et al. 2016). In another study, Javier et al. (2017) also reported the EO from rhizomes of Alpinia pyramidata at 16 mg mL−1 acetone reported higher relative feeding index (90.79%) to third instar larvae of Spodoptera litura Fabricius and was followed by L. camara L. (60.6%) (Javier et al. 2017).
Argyreia nervosa (Samudra pala) leaf extract mediated silver nanoparticles and evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial activity, in vitro anticancer and apoptotic studies in KB oral cancer cell lines
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2021
Gunashekar Kalvakunta Subramanyam, Susmila Aparna Gaddam, Venkata Subbaiah Kotakadi, Sashikiran Palithya, Josthna Penchalaneni, Varadarajulu Naidu Challagundla
The statistical data of the cell cytotoxicity study reveals that treated KB cells with the An-AgNPs showing IC50 values 58.64 µl/ml respectively. It is clearly seen that the cytotoxicity of An-AgNPs is dosage-dependent on manner from lower concentration to higher concentration as the concentration increase the cell viability decreases shown in Figure 6(B,C). Due to its anticancer nature, the nanoparticles showed cytotoxic potency against Human Oral cancer cells. It is required to conduct further studies to determine the molecular mechanism behind anticancer properties of the An-AgNPs. The earlier reports on various silver nanoparticles biosynthesized also revealed the similar type of results in various cancers cell lines [14]. The green synthesised AgNPs by Artemisia turcomanica, Cynara scolymus, Podophyllum hexandrum showed an anti-cancer effect on gastric cancer cell line (AGS), MCF7 cells, and toxic on human cervical carcinoma cells [15–17]. Likely, Garlic-silver nanoparticles (G-AgNPs), silver NPs (AgNPs) coated with palm pollen extract (Ag–PP(NPs), revealed a remarkable anticancer effect on human breast cancer cell (MCF-7), RFP/Ag-NPs and Ru-AgNPs showed cytotoxicity effects on MDA-MB-231 carcinoma cell line [30,33–35]. AgNPs synthesised by using marine sponge extract Haliclona exigua showed cytotoxic activity on oral cancer cell lines. The AgNPs formed by Coleus amboinicus extracts showed the cytotoxic effect on human oesophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) cell lines [36,37]. It is concluded that the results of the cytotoxicity study performed by MTT assay suggest that the An-AgNPs are significantly cytotoxic in nature against KB oral cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner as reported in earlier studies on silver nanoparticles.