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Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Turpentine oil is often loosely referred to as ‘turpentine’. However, ‘turpentine’ does not always indicate the essential oil of turpentine, which is obtained by steam-distillation of the gum resin of Pinus species and which is also known as gum turpentine or balsam oil. Turpentine can also be a byproduct of the sulfate extraction process in which pine wood is converted into paper pulp. This oil (not essential) of turpentine is known as sulfate oil or sulfate turpentine (27). In literature on contact allergy to / allergic contact dermatitis from turpentine oil presented here (which is largely restricted to the period after 1975), a distinction between these two turpentine products can usually not be made.
Assyria
Published in Michael J. O’Dowd, The History of Medications for Women, 2020
Pistachio (Pistacia terebinthus), from which came the early true turpentine (Chian turpentine) was ‘applied for speedy birth’. Alternatively, it could be administered with asafetida. Turpentine has antiseptic, diuretic and anti-inflammatory effects and could be given in enema form for obstinate constipation. Turpentine was listed in the pharmacopoeias for these medicinal uses until recent times.
Chemistry of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Turpentine is obtained by tapping of pine trees and this product is known as gum turpentine. However, a much larger commercial source is the so-called crude sulfate turpentine, which is obtained as a by-product of the Kraft paper process. The major components of turpentine are the two pinenes with a-pinene (65) predominating. Turpentine also serves as a source of p-cymene (83) and, as mentioned earlier, the shikimate anethole (53) (Zinkel and Russell, 1989).
Metabolic conversion of β-pinene to β-ionone in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Lujain Aloum, Mohammad H. Semreen, Taleb H. Al-Tel, Hamza Al-Hroub, Muath Mousa, Richard L. Jayaraj, Eman Alefishat, Abdu Adem, Georg A Petroianu
We demonstrated for the first time that β-pinene, one of the most volatile constituents of turpentine, is partially converted to β-ionone, which is then excreted in urine. The formation of monocyclic derivatives from bicyclic terpenoids (β-pinene) was first proposed by Hämäläinen in 1912 (Hämäläinen 1912). β-pinene has been reported to be a key intermediate in the synthesis of ionones for commercial usage (Vespermann et al. 2017). Interestingly, a recent study revealed that all human subjects exposed to oral α-pinene reported a unique aromatic odour of their exhaled breath, which disappeared 2–3 hours post exposure (Schmidt and Göen 2017). We suggest that most likely this aroma odour is due to pinene conversion to ionone followed by lung elimination. This is in parallel, with studies that reported that most of the metabolites of essential oil components are excreted via either the exhaled air or kidneys (Kohlert et al. 2000).
The effect of elevated α1-acid glycoprotein on the pharmacokinetics of TAK-272 (SCO-272), an orally active renin inhibitor, in rats
Published in Xenobiotica, 2019
Takuya Ebihara, Hisao Shimizu, Masami Yamamoto, Tomoaki Higuchi, Fumihiro Jinno, Yoshihiko Tagawa
After oral administration of TAK-272 in rats, the absorbed TAK-272 was distributed well throughout the body, and was mainly eliminated by the hepatic metabolism (Ebihara et al., 2018). Rats would be suitable models for humans to investigate the effects of AGP binding on TAK-272 pharmacokinetics, when TAK-272 primarily binds to AGP in the plasma of rats as well as humans. Turpentine oil treatment is a convenient method of elevating plasma AGP levels, because the oil induces regional inflammation and has minimum systemic impact (Belpaire et al., 1986; Murai-Kushiya et al., 1993). The effect of turpentine oil treatment on drug disposition has been reported for several basic drugs. The pharmacokinetics of TAK-272 in the rat model will provide useful information for TAK-272 clinical trials. The observations in rats with elevated plasma AGP will allow qualitative extrapolation from the animal model to patients, which could practically and theoretically explain the pharmacokinetic changes in unbound and total plasma concentrations via changes in plasma AGP levels.