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Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Thyme oil is obtained by steam-distillation of fresh or dried leaves and flowering tops of the plant (2). Most commercial oils are of the thymol chemotype and generally contain 35-55% thymol. This oil is considered to have various pharmacological activities. It is used in foods (not only to flavor, but also to preserve meat and fats) (3), cosmetics, perfumery (to create spicy, leathery notes) and pharmaceuticals such as oral hygiene products (3,4,5,6). In addition, It is extensively used in phytotherapy and aromatherapy, though usually in low concentrations in the case of high carvacrol content (8,16).
Herbal Product Development and Characteristics
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Mirian Pateiro, Rubén Domínguez, Predrag Putnik, Danijela Bursać Kovačević, Francisco J. Barba, Paulo S. E. Munekata, Elena Movilla Fierro, José M. Lorenzo
The main phytochemicals accountable of their therapeutic uses are borneol, carvacrol, linalool, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpinene, and γ-terpinene (García-Beltrán and Esteban, 2016). The implication of one or other will depend on the target disease. Thymol and carvacrol are the most important compounds isolated from this genus (Figure 8.3). There are several studies that associate thymol with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, respiratory, and digestive disorders, relaxing the soft tissue of the throat and stomach. Carvacrol is also associated with the prevention of neurodegenerative pains, antihepatotoxic, antimutagenic, analgesic, antitumor, and antispasmodic (Friedman, 2014; Talavera-Alemán et al., 2016). Other components with nutraceutical properties are: rosmarinic acid responsible of anti-inflammatory and antiviral activity (Shen et al., 2010), 4-terpineol associated with antibacterial and antitumor effects, and thymoquinone with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. The last one is a molecule which could be used in the future as an alternative against tumors (Begnini et al., 2014).
Metabolism of Terpenoids in Animal Models and Humans
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Carvacrol is used as disinfectant and found in high concentrations in the essential oils of, for example, Thymus vulgaris chemotype carvacrol, Origanum vulgare, Majorana hortensis, or Satureja hortensis (Bornscheuer et al., 2014). In rat, only small amounts of unchanged carvacrol were excreted 24 h after oral application. As β-glucuronidase and sulfatase were used for sample preparation before GC analysis, carvacrol might also be excreted as its glucuronide and sulfate, respectively. Both of the aliphatic groups present undergo extensive metabolism, whereas aromatic hydroxylation to 2-hydroxycarvacrol is only a minor important pathway for carvacrol. Further oxidation of 7-hydroxycarvacrol results in isopropylsalicylic acid (Austgulen et al., 1987) (Figure 10.5). Carvacrol is metabolized by recombinant human CYP1A2, CYP2A6 and CYP2B6 (Dong et al., 2012b). An in vitro study with human microsomes demonstrated that recombinant UGT1A9 was mainly responsible for glucuronidation in liver, and rUGT1A7 in intestinal microsomes, forming monoglucuronated metabolites (Dong et al., 2012a).
Effects of Dietary Phytochemicals on DNA Damage in Cancer Cells
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Yang Ye, Ying Ma, Mei Kong, Zhihua Wang, Kang Sun, Fang Li
Carvacrol is a natural phenolic compound present in the essential oils of several plants (eg, thyme, oregano, pepper, and wild bergamot) that exerts various pharmacological effects such as antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. Carvacrol is a regulator of nerve impulse and the immune response (104). It exerts its anticancer effects by inducing and enhancing ROS production, inducing DNA damage, blocking cell cycle progression, and participating in apoptosis (105). Polyphenols play a dual role against cancer: a low concentration of polyphenols exhibits antioxidant activities, whereas a higher concentration promotes DNA damage. Furthermore, a high concentration of polyphenols alters permeability of the mitochondrial membrane, oxidizes antioxidants, and causes DNA damage (106). Carvacrol enhances DNA damage and inhibits cell proliferation in human gastric adenocarcinoma cells in a concentration-dependent manner, which reveals a significant negative correlation between cell viability and ROS level (26).
Safety and tolerability of carvacrol in healthy subjects: a phase I clinical study
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Vahideh Ghorani, Azam Alavinezhad, Omid Rajabi, Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour, Mohammad Hossein Boskabady
Carvacrol, or cymophenol, C6H3CH3(OH)(C3H7), is found in several aromatic plants (Boskabady and Jalali 2013). Carvacrol is a hydrophobic compound that markedly affects biological membranes. Little is known about carvacrol modes of action. However, some of carvacrol’s bioactivities their underlying mechanisms were revealed by in vitro or in vivo investigations. Results of these studies indicated that carvacrol possess many biological and pharmacological properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, anti-obesity, anti-Alzheimer disease, antispasmodic, antioxidant properties (Belyaev and Demeubaeva 1999, Ben Arfa et al.2006, Behravan et al.2007, Alagawany et al.2015). Moreover, carvacrol improves absorption of nutrients, digestion, and metabolism as well as growth promotion (Alagawany et al.2015).
Effects of thymol and carvacrol on sperm quality and oxidant/antioxidant balance in rats
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Mehmet Güvenç, Mustafa Cellat, İshak Gökçek, İlker Yavaş, Şule Yurdagül Özsoy
Thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methyl-phenol) is a monoterpene phenol, which is found in the essential oils extracted from the plants belonging to Lamiaceae family (Thymus, Ocimum, Origonum, Satureja, Thymbra, Monarda) (Licata et al. 2015). Similarly, carvacrol is another monoterpene phenol found in the essential oils of thyme, watercress, marjoram and wild bergamot. For example, the carvacrol content in thyme oil is 5–75%, in dittany 50% and origanum dictamnus is 60–80%. Carvacrol has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumoral, antibacterial, antifungal, analgesic, antiparasitic and antigenotoxic effects (Suntres et al. 2015; Can Baser 2008). Aristatile et al. (2015) showed in their study that carvacrol contributes to the repair of the oxidative damage caused by the UVB-rays. El-Sayed et al. (2015) reported that thymol and carvacrol had antioxidative, anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic effects in rats with nephropathy induced by cisplatin.