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Nutrition and the Immune System
Published in David Heber, Zhaoping Li, Primary Care Nutrition, 2017
Prebiotics of various types are found as natural components in milk; honey; fruits, such as banana; vegetables, such as onion, Jerusalem artichoke, chicory, leek, garlic, and artichoke; and rye and barley. In most of these sources, concentrations of prebiotics range from 0.3% to 6% of fresh weight. Asparagus, sugar beet, garlic, chicory, onion, Jerusalem artichoke, wheat, honey, banana, barley, tomato, and rye are special sources of fructooligosaccharides (FOSs). Galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) are found naturally in human and bovine milk. Seeds of legumes, lentils, peas, beans, chickpeas, and mustard are rich in raffinose oligosaccharides. Xylooligosaccharide (XOS) is also an emerging prebiotic that is found in bamboo shoots, fruits, vegetables, milk, and honey.
Antibiotics and probiotics impact gut antimicrobial resistance gene reservoir in COVID-19 patients
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Qi Su, Qin Liu, Lin Zhang, Zhilu Xu, Chenyu Liu, Wenqi Lu, Jessica YL Ching, Amy Li, Joyce Wing Yan Mak, Grace Chung Yan Lui, Susanna So Shan Ng, Kai Ming Chow, David SC Hui, Paul KS Chan, Francis Ka Leung Chan, Siew C Ng
SIM01 is an oral encapsulated formulation of three lyophilized Bifidobacteria found to be depleted in COVID-19 patients from a previous study11,45 and three prebiotics (galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharide, and resistant dextrin) that are beneficial for growth of these bacteria. The ratio of three bacteria was derived from the average natural accruing ratio in over 3000 healthy population, and this formula aims to replenish the missing bacteria associated with immune defense in COVID-19 patients.25 The three Bifidobacterium strains are commercially available from Chambio Co., Ltd. and WECAREPROBIOTICS. A blend of Bifidobacterium strains (25 billion CFU per capsule) and prebiotics (galactooligosaccharides, xylooligosaccharide, resistant dextrin) was prepared by the Center for Gut Microbiota Research, The Chinese University of Hong Kong according to the hospital policy. Sealed bottles of the study capsules were stored in a double-locked cabinet with temperature and humidity control in the Clinical Research Pharmacy. Trained pharmacist was responsible for dispensing the study capsules.
The gut microbiome stability is altered by probiotic ingestion and improved by the continuous supplementation of galactooligosaccharide
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Chenchen Ma, Sanjeev Wasti, Shi Huang, Zeng Zhang, Rajeev Mishra, Shuaiming Jiang, Zhengkai You, Yixuan Wu, Haibo Chang, Yuanyuan Wang, Dongxue Huo, Congfa Li, Zhihong Sun, Zheng Sun, Jiachao Zhang
Prebiotics are recognized for their capability to promote the fitness of probiotics or the indigenous intestinal microbiome, with both ecological and evolutionary ramifications.11 From the ecological perspective, an exogenous probiotic strain competes for nutrients and space with members already present in the indigenous microbiome. The appropriate supplementation of nutritional substrates as prebiotics for the gut microbial community could lower such competition and therefore enhance colonization of probiotic strains.12 The prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharide (FOS),13 xylooligosaccharide (XOS),14 galactooligosaccharide (GOS), and inulin15 have shown beneficial effects on probiotics in vitro. Our preliminary experiments found that galactooligosaccharide (GOS) used in the present study is the leading prebiotic for promoting the growth of Lp082. Previous studies have reported the molecular mechanism underlying GOS utilization by probiotics including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium; which highlighted the key roles of β-galactosidases (GH42 and GH2) in GOS metabolism.16,18 The highly abundant members of Bacteroides in the indigenous gut microbiome can also competitively utilize GOS, as they possess many carbohydrate-active enzymes that enable the digestion of a wide range of polysaccharides.19
Characterization of fructooligosaccharide metabolism and fructooligosaccharide-degrading enzymes in human commensal butyrate producers
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Hiroki Tanno, Tadashi Fujii, Katsuaki Hirano, Shintaro Maeno, Takashi Tonozuka, Mitsuo Sakamoto, Moriya Ohkuma, Takumi Tochio, Akihito Endo
In the present study, FOS metabolic properties in human commensal butyrate-producing bacteria, taxonomically classified into Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa and the genus Butyricimonas (phylum Bacteroidetes), were characterized. A xylooligosaccharide mixture (XOSs) and raffinose, which are used as bifidogenic prebiotics,30,31 were also included in this study. Genomes of the butyrate producers were used to study the prevalence of GH32 enzymes. Activities of the GH32 enzymes were characterized by the Escherichia coli heterologous expression system.