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Botanicals and the Gut Microbiome
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Inulin is a plant-based, heterogeneous collection of fructose polymers and utilized as storage carbohydrates in both plants and vegetables (Macfarlane, 2010; Niness, 1999; Bull and Plummer, 2015). Inulin is resistant to low levels of pH, hydrolysis by mammalian enzymes and absorption as required. It has been shown to promote the growth of both Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria (Roberfroid et al., 1998; Cherbut, 2002; Tako et al., 2008).
The Role of Gut Microbiota in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Diabetes
Published in Emmanuel C. Opara, Sam Dagogo-Jack, Nutrition and Diabetes, 2019
Stephen J. Walker, Shaun P. Deveshwar
Results from human studies have demonstrated the benefits of synbiotics on GI health, obesity, and DM-2, and weight loss in children. Prebiotics have been found to lower fasting and postprandial glucose levels, as well as to increase glucose sensitivity and improve lipid profiles. Probiotics have been shown to provide a significant benefit in DM-2 patients through weight loss via consumption of fermented milk and dairy products. Prebiotics have also been shown to stimulate the production of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), a hormone used to regulate metabolism. One prebiotic in particular, inulin, has been studied and is a popular way to aid a nutrient supply to healthy gut microbiota. Inulin is a type of fiber found in plants, consisting of chains of fructose molecules. The nutrients from inulin are broken down into short fatty acid chains, which nourish the gut microbiota. A randomized, controlled study was conducted in which 46 participants with metabolic syndrome were given either a placebo or probiotic supplement capsule consisting of 1.2 × 1010 colony-forming cells, together with an inulin fiber prebiotic. Participants were instructed to take this probiotic capsule twice a day for 12 weeks. At 12 weeks, those participants in the experimental group had a lower blood pressure and greater weight loss compared to controls. The placebo group also experienced weight loss, but only during the first 6 weeks of the study [19].
The renal system
Published in Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella, Essentials of Human Physiology and Pathophysiology for Pharmacy and Allied Health, 2019
Laurie K. McCorry, Martin M. Zdanowicz, Cynthia Y. Gonnella
A substance that fulfills these criteria is inulin, a polysaccharide found in plants. Inulin is administered intravenously to a patient at a rate that results in a constant plasma concentration over the course of at least 1 hour. The urine is collected and its volume and its concentration of inulin are measured.
Restoring an adequate dietary fiber intake by inulin supplementation: a pilot study showing an impact on gut microbiota and sociability in alcohol use disorder patients
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Camille Amadieu, Valentin Coste, Audrey M. Neyrinck, Victoria Thijssen, Quentin Leyrolle, Laure B. Bindels, Hubert Piessevaux, Peter Stärkel, Philippe de Timary, Nathalie M. Delzenne, Sophie Leclercq
Diet is one of the main modulators of the gut microbiota composition and function.17 AUD patients have reduced carbohydrate, protein and fat intakes, and their dietary fiber (DF) intake is also well below the recommended value.18–20 Among DF, inulin-type fructans are interesting as they go along with the definition of prebiotics: “substrates that are selectively used by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit” meaning that they promote the growth of some specific bacteria.21 Inulin-type fructans are natural components present in several fruits and vegetables including wheat, onion, banana, garlic, jerusalem artichoke, chirory and leek.22 Inulin is fermented in the colon and has been shown to promote the growth of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii.23,24 The effects of inulin on gut health and metabolism have been widely studied in the context of obesity and metabolic disorders. For instance, fructan supplementation improves gut barrier function, decreases serum lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and inflammatory cytokines in preclinical and clinical studies.23,25,26 We have also shown that DF deficiency in AUD patients is associated with gastrointestinal discomfort and psychological alterations.18 Therefore, inulin supplementation could be an interesting approach to increase dietary fiber intake and to modulate the gut microbiota in order to improve psychological symptoms of AUD patients.
Encapsulation of bioactive compounds extracted from Cucurbita moschata pumpkin waste: the multi-objective optimisation study
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2022
Slađana Stajčić, Pezo Lato, Jasna Čanadanović-Brunet, Gordana Ćetković, Anamarija Mandić, Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac, Jelena Vulić, Vanja Šeregelj, Jovana Petrović
The solubility of powders is another important parameter which needs to be considered before the incorporation of some components in a food product (Bajaj et al. 2015). The solubility of a freeze-drying powder product, i.e. encapsulation is strongly influenced by the wall material (Nafiunisa et al. 2017). Maltodextrin is a polysaccharide with high polarity, thus it is soluble in the water (Nafiunisa et al. 2017). Also, inulin is classified as soluble fibre (Dehghan et al. 2013). Protein solubility is influenced by the extraction procedures used in manufacturing isolates, the protein fractions present in the powder, and the pH (Bajaj et al. 2015). The solubility of the final product is not only associated with solubility prospective of wall material, but also on attainted particle size in final desirable product. Smaller, particles size could provide a better surface area’s availability for the hydration process (Hussain et al. 2018). Solubility of OE-T and OE-EE were found to be 60.00 g/100 g and 61.68 g/100 g, respectively (Table 3). The similarity in the composition of the wall materials used for the preparation of optimal encapsulates and particle size had an influence on their close solubility values. Also, similar values of particle density can explain similar solubility of encapsulates (Díaz et al. 2019).
Potential for enriching next-generation health-promoting gut bacteria through prebiotics and other dietary components
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Cathy Lordan, Dinesh Thapa, R. Paul Ross, Paul D. Cotter
Clinical trials and human studies are pivotal when assessing the benefits of newly identified prebiotics. Of the many studied potential prebiotics, only a few substrates, including inulin, FOS and GOS, have been validated through several human studies and only those that looked at a broader gut community, and thus are of greater relevance to this review, are presented in Table 2. These studies have highlighted that the extensively examined prebiotics, for example inulin, can also have a positive effect on the level of F. prausnitzii and Anaerostipes sp. within the gut, which may explain some of the butyrogenic effects that ensue when inulin is consumed.53,56,57 Likewise, FOS and GOS have also been demonstrated to enhance F. prausnitzii levels.53,55,56 Of the few human studies assessing the impact of prebiotics on microbial diversity in the colon, contradictory observations with regards to SCFA levels have been reported. A study by Liu et al.54 noted a decrease in the levels of butyrate producers and increase in the levels of Bifidobacterium after administration of FOS and GOS in a healthy population, which may be caused by high levels of lactic acid being produced, therefore making the environment inhospitable for butyrate producers. It is also worth noting that this intervention was conducted for a period of 14 days; longer intervention studies are needed to better evaluate the effects of prebiotic administration. Nevertheless, these results prove intriguing and emphasize the need for more human studies.