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Anti-Hyperglycemic Property Of Medicinal Plants
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Karanpreet Singh Bhatia, Arpita Roy, Navneeta Bhardavaj
Cichorium intybus, commonly known as common chicory, is a member of Asteraceae family, indigenous to Europe now commonly found in North America, China, and Australia. Pushparaj et al. (2006) reported the anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hyperlipidemic ability of ethanolic extract of chicory. STZ-I hyperglycemic male Sprague-Dawley rats were administered with this extract and most potent dose was found to be 125 mg/kg body weight in oral glucose tolerant test. There was remarkable decrease in total cholesterol (19%), serum glucose (20%) and triglycerides (91%) (Pushparaj et al., 2006). In another study, natural chicoric acid extract (NCRAE) from chicory roots was shown to improve insulin secretion and glucose uptake by muscle cells in Wistar rats (Azay-Milhau et al., 2013). In a recent study, LC-MS analysis of NCRAE was done and it was found that 83.8% of this extract is chicoric acid and chlorogenic acid. A comparative study between NCRAE and SCCAM (Chicoric acid and chlorogenic acid) was done for their anti-hyperglycemic action in STZ-I hyperglycemic rats and in L6 muscle cell line. It was reported that NCRAE as well as SCCAM were able to improve glucose tolerance but only NCRAE showed a significant reduction in basal hyperglycemia after treatment of six days (Ferrare et al., 2018).
Atlas of Autofluorescence in Plant Pharmaceutical Materials
Published in Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina, Fluorescence of Living Plant Cells for Phytomedicine Preparations, 2020
Victoria Vladimirovna Roshchina
Chicory, Cichorium intybus (family Asteraceae), has been used as a medicinal and food (a coffee substitute) plant since ancient times in Europe and Asia. Its root useful features are covered in reviews (Nandagopal and RanjithaKumari 2007; Chandra and Jain 2016), and the species is recommended for treating different ailments from wounds to diabetes; antibacterial effects of the plant on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi have also been described. The whole plant contains a number of medicinally important compounds, such as inulin, esculin, volatile compounds (monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), coumarins, flavonoids, and vitamins. It possesses hepatoprotective, gastroprotective, cardiovascular, antioxidant, hypolipidemic, anticancer, reproductive, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, sedative, immunological, antimicrobial, anthelmintic, anti-protozoal, wound-healing, and many other pharmacological effects (Al Snafi 2016) due to its content of sesquiterpene lactones (especially lactucin, lactucopicrin, 8-desoxy lactucin, and guaianolid glycosides, including chicoroisides Band C and sonchuside C) and caffeic acid derivatives (chiroric acid, chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid, dicaffeoyl tartaric acid, etc.). The flower and leaf are also used in folk medicine to treat liver disorders and inflammation, because their extracts include cyanidin-3-O-(6″-malonyl-β-glucopyranoside) as the major anthocyanin (>95%), as described by some authors (Mulabagal et al. 2009).
The Direct Successors of Hippocrates. The School of Alexandria. Erasistratus and Herophilus
Published in Charles Greene Cumston, An Introduction to the History of Medicine, 2018
Erasistratus points out that plethora should not always be treated in the same way. If it makes itself known by epilepsy or expectoration of blood, the treatment is quite different; the epileptic patient should move about constantly, while the phthisical patient should on the contrary avoid both fatigue and work. Plethoric patients should take as food only melon, cucumber, herbs (of which chicory is particularly excellent) and vegetable marrow. He was a warm advocate of simple medicaments and was very much opposed to the complicated formulae to which the physicians of his day gave the name of “ antidotes of the gods”. He was likewise opposed to mixing minerals, plants and animal substances together. He also decried abstract reasoning. Galen tells us that both Erasistratus and Herophilus were only partially dogmatic in their theory ; only diseases of the organic parts were they inclined to treat by reasoning but, nevertheless, they were not inclined to adopt the ideas later developed by those Empirics who denied the importance of the causes of disease. Dioscorides tells us that Erasistratus wrote a book on this subject and in order to show the importance of the aetiology of disease he mentioned poisoning by bites of venomous animals. “ If the specific cause of disease cannot always be ascertained, one should at least discover the apparent cause, which will often furnish very excellent indications for treatment.”
The interaction between microbiome and host central nervous system: the gut-brain axis as a potential new therapeutic target in the treatment of obesity and cardiometabolic disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets, 2020
Madelief Wijdeveld, Max Nieuwdorp, Richard IJzerman
There have been a few studies that have looked at the influence of prebiotics on fecal microbiome composition. One study in humans showed that a 2-week treatment with Fn-type Chicory Inulin Hydrolyzate significantly increased fecal Bifidobacteria and this increase remained significant also after 5 weeks of inulin supplementation [74]. Another human study on dietary inulin-oligofructose supplementation showed a significant increase in Bifidobacteria proportion and a significant change in abundance of Faecalibacterium Prausnitzii [67]. However, in neither of those studies, appetite hormones or postprandial glucose response are reported, nor is any anthropometric information mentioned so no direct conclusions can be drawn about the mechanism linking the increased abundance of those bacteria to improved metabolic health.
Taking a prebiotic approach to early immunomodulation for allergy prevention
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Immunology, 2018
Rachelle Pretorius, Susan L. Prescott, Debra J. Palmer
For industrial use, chicory is the principal source of inulin from which FOS are manufactured by partial enzymatic hydrolysis. Over recent years, the use of added FOS to manufactured food products such as cereal, bread, and dairy products marketed as functional foods has emerged. Functional foods, which are foods with added components to provide health benefit to the host, are now readily available for consumers to purchase at their local supermarket, pharmacy and health food shop. Additionally, capsule and powder form supplements containing prebiotics in the form of FOS and/or inulin are also available. The majority of the current prebiotic functional foods market is dominated by the addition of inulin and FOS to foods, but there is growing interest also in the use of lactose-derived prebiotics. GOS is manufactured from lactose using a naturally occurring enzyme beta-galactosidase [34]. In 2009, the US FDA declared GOS to be generally recognized as safe to be added as an ingredient in functional foods. To date, GOS is predominately added to infant formula (as discussed below) rather than a source of prebiotics within the maternal diet.
Effects of Chicory Leaf Extract on Serum Oxidative Stress Markers, Lipid Profile and Periodontal Status in Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2018
Hossein Babaei, Fahimeh Forouzandeh, Leila Maghsoumi-Norouzabad, Hojat Allah Yousefimanesh, Maryam Ravanbakhsh, Ahmad Zare Javid
Oxidative stress is an important risk factor in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease [22]. Several studies agree that TAC is decreased in severe periodontal disease [23–27]. It has been indicated that periodontal disease is influenced by nutritional factors. Previous studies have shown that dietary supplements with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties such as vitamin C, alpha-tocopherol, beta-carotene, green tea, probiotics, and cranberry improved periodontal disease [28]. Zhang et al. reported a significant difference in dietary vitamin C, flavonoids, and beta-carotene between control and intervention groups in patients with periodontal disease [29]. Moreover, a study by Zare Javid et al. found that increasing consumption of fruits and vegetables in patients with periodontitis increased saliva and serum TAC [3]. Thus, diets high in antioxidant content can improve periodontal disease [30]. Deficiency of antioxidants and polyphenols may result in increased oxidative stress and inflammation and so may enhance the risk of periodontitis [22]. Chicory leaves contain high levels of antioxidants and phytochemicals. The beneficial effects of chicory leaf may make it an appropriate alternative medication. Chicory leaf may increase the antioxidant defensive system, reduce ROS and, finally, enhance body health [31]. The present study found that 8 weeks of supplementation with chicory leaf extract increased serum TAC. MDA is a main indicator of oxidative stress [32]. Our findings suggest that receiving chicory extract for 8 weeks reduced MDA levels. El-Sayed et al. showed that consuming chicory root (100 mg/kg) for 2 weeks reduced MDA levels [33]. Likewise, Li et al. reported that intake of chicory extract for 8 weeks decreased MDA levels [34]. Therefore, the results of the present study are consistent with the results of those mentioned.