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Optical Methods for Diabetic Foot Ulcer Screening
Published in Andrey V. Dunaev, Valery V. Tuchin, Biomedical Photonics for Diabetes Research, 2023
Robert Bartlett, Gennadi Saiko, Alexandre Yu. Douplik
Diabetes-associated vasculopathy occurs at macrovascular and microvascular levels. The macrovascular disease affects large blood vessels, whereas the microvascular disease affects the very small vessels, less than 300 μm. Some of these vessels contain smooth muscle, which regulates blood flow to the capillary beds. The terminal vessels of the microcirculation are the capillaries that lack smooth muscles.
Natural Products in the Treatment of Unremitting Wounds Secondary to Diabetes or Peripheral Vascular Disease
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
There remains a high economic cost of diabetes, which accounts for approximately 10% of all healthcare expenditure (International Diabetes Federation, 2015). People with diabetes will spend 2–5 times more on healthcare in their lifetime than people without diabetes (Tabish, 2007). One study projected the global cost of diabetes to be 1.31 trillion US dollars in 2015 alone (Bommer et al., 2017). In addition to the economic costs, there is a significant social cost to diabetes. Diabetes can lead to an extensive risk to a person’s overall health. Heart disease, stroke, blindness, kidney damage and nerve damage are common secondary complications of diabetes. Microvascular and macrovascular disease are common, with cardiovascular complications as a leading cause of mortality among people with diabetes (Zheng, Ley, and Hu, 2018). Diabetes and peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are closely linked since diabetes is a known risk factor for developing arteriosclerosis and PAD (Murabito, D’Agostino, Silbershatz, and Wilson, 1997).
Predisposition to Thrombotic Complications in Diabetes Mellitus
Published in Pia Glas-Greenwalt, Fibrinolysis in Disease Molecular and Hemovascular Aspects of Fibrinolysis, 2019
It has long been known that patients with diabetes mellitus, either insulin-dependent (IDDM) or non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM), have an increased risk of vascular complications due to the development of accelerated arteriosclerosis of large and small vessels.1 Large-vessel disease is responsible for the occurrence of thromboembolic events as myocardial infarction, stroke, and peripheral occlusive vascular disease, which are often present in diabetic patients.2-6 Diabetes is frequently associated with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and obesity, which are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease, but the increased risk of macrovascular disease in diabetic patients is independently related to these risk factors.7
Exenatide promotes the autophagic function in the diabetic hippocampus: a review
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Eman Mohammed Elsaeed, Ahmed Gamal Abdelghafour Hamad, Omnia S. Erfan, Mona A. El-Shahat, Fathy Abd Elghany Ebrahim
Diabetic cognitive dysfunctions can arise from several contributing factors that vary between metabolic, vascular, endocrinal, and brain-related factors. Metabolic factors include chronic hyperglycemia, recurrent hypoglycemia, and protein glycation. Vascular complications range between microvascular disease as diabetic retinopathy, macrovascular disease as cardiovascular affection, and endothelial dysfunction. Endocrinal factors comprise reduced insulin sensitivity, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinaemia. Brain-related factors may include amyloid disposition, oxidative stress, changes in neuronal calcium homeostasis, and genetic predisposition [1]. Though the incidence rate of diabetic cognitive dysfunction is increased with aging, it can occur throughout diabetes, even in patients with impaired fasting glucose [13].
Targeting oxidative stress through antioxidants in diabetes mellitus
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2018
Parul Thakur, Ashwini Kumar, Awanish Kumar
Inevitably, diabetes mellitus has become a global pandemic that is consuming the world health in a petrifying rate. It would not be an exaggeration to quote that it is intricately at the crossroads of globalisation. According to a latest report by WHO, the number of diabetic patients presently is approximately 422 million in the year 2014, and the figure is increasing alarmingly [1]. This affliction in such an alarming rate brings up an immediate need for research and insight to this chronic disease of global health concern. Diabetes is broadly classified into Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) and Type 2 diabetes (T2D). With obese condition, there prevails a wide range of intercalating genetic, environmental and epigenetic factors contributing to aetiology of T2D [2,3]. Persistent hyperglycaemia (glucotoxicity) is the key mediator of complications of long-term diabetes mellitus. Problems are caused mainly by lesions involving both large and medium-sized arteries (macrovascular disease) and capillary dysfunction in target organs (microvascular disease). Macrovascular disease causes accelerated atherosclerosis among diabetics, resulting in increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke and lower extremity gangrene. The effects of microvascular disease are most profound in the retina (diabetic retinopathy), kidneys (nephropathy) and peripheral nerves (neuropathy). Thus, it’s a multi-factorial and multi-consequential polygenic metabolic disorder [4].
Facilitation of Intensive Insulin Therapy in the Early Primary School Setting: Narratives of Australian Diabetes Educators
Published in Comprehensive Child and Adolescent Nursing, 2018
Anne Marks, Nathan J. Wilson, Stacy Blythe, Christine Johnston
The increased incidence of T1DM in early primary school (EPS) aged children (4–8 years) has a direct impact not only on the child and their family, but also on health and education staff who support school children with diabetes care. The current optimal treatment for children with T1DM is intensive insulin therapy (IIT) (multiple daily injections (MDI) or an insulin pump) (International Diabetes Federation, 2011; Svoren et al., 2007). Additionally, carbohydrate counting and regular blood glucose level (BGL) testing to guide insulin adjustment and detect hypoglycemia is required (International Diabetes Federation, 2011). This treatment reduces the risk of microvascular and macrovascular disease and should be initiated at diagnosis (Craig et al., 2011; Donaghue et al., 2014; International Diabetes Federation, 2011). However, IIT can be challenging for EPS children (first 3 years of school), as insulin administration and BGLs are required during the school day and young children rely on adult support for diabetes care. This support may not be readily available in the school setting and as a consequence, IIT is avoided for some children (Marks, Wilson, & Crisp, 2013, 2014a). Less frequent insulin administration has implications for immediate and long-term health and well-being.