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The patient with acute gastrointestinal problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Rebecca Maindonald, Adrian Jugdoyal
The liver receives blood from two sources: the hepatic artery carries oxygenated blood (approximately 30% of liver blood flow), and the hepatic portal vein carries deoxygenated blood (approximately 70% of blood flow). The venous blood from the hepatic portal vein contains newly absorbed nutrients, drugs, microbes and toxins from the gastrointestinal tract. Branches of both of these blood vessels carry blood into the liver sinusoids where oxygen, most of the nutrients and some toxic substances are processed by the hepatocytes. The resulting venous blood drains into the hepatic vein to return to the systemic venous circulation.
Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The liver has multiple functions including digestion and detoxification, and it is a key regulator of metabolism via its ability to synthesize proteins and generate and store glycogen. About 70%–85% of the liver volume is occupied by parenchymal hepatocytes. Nonparenchymal cells constitute 40% of the total number of liver cells but only 6.5% of its volume. The liver has sinusoids that are lined with two types of cells—endothelial cells and phagocytic Küpffer cells—while nonparenchymal stellate cells are located in the perisinusoidal space. The liver receives a dual blood supply from the hepatic portal vein and hepatic arteries. The portal vein delivers around 75% of the liver’s blood supply and carries venous blood from the spleen, the GI tract and associated organs. The hepatic arteries supply arterial blood to the liver, accounting for the remaining 25% of its blood flow.
Heart and Circulation
Published in Sarah Armstrong, Barry Clifton, Lionel Davis, Primary FRCA in a Box, 2019
Sarah Armstrong, Barry Clifton, Lionel Davis
A portal circulation connects two capillary beds without a direct arterial supply or direct venous drainageThree portal circulations are of significanceHepatic portal vein conveys absorbed nutrients from the gut to the liver for storage or utilisation. Cirrhosis may lead to portal hypertension with distension of lower oesophagus veins forming part of the circulation. These veins are a common source of upper gastrointestinal bleedingHypothalamic–pituitary circulation conveys arterial blood from the circle of Willis to a primary plexus on the hypothalamus and then through further capillaries to the anterior pituitary. This is the major route for hypothalamic hormones to stimulate further hormone release from the pituitary glandRenal circulation
Current status and future directions of hepatocellular carcinoma-targeted nanoparticles and nanomedicine
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Vikas Kumar, Mahfoozur Rahman, Prashant Gahtori, Fahad Al-Abbasi, Firoz Anwar, Hyung Sik Kim
HCC is often diagnosed at an advanced stage when the disease is clinically obvious and the expected survival of patients is only a few months. Recently, the survival rate for cancer has been significantly increased with early diagnosis [5,6]. However, the symptoms of HCC are unclear and sometimes overlap with other diseases, making HCC diagnosis difficult at an early stage. Statistically, only 25%-30% of HCC cases are diagnosed at the initial stage of the disease [7]. The identification of tumor markers specific for HCC as well as other serological hepatic parameters could serve as significant prognostic factors in the clinical treatment of HCC [8]. Consequently, HCC diagnosis at late, non-curable stage means the cancer is at its deadliest form and is often not treatable [9]. Clinical studies suggest that jaundice, enlarged liver, abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, diarrhea, and weight loss occur in patients with HCC. Most patients also suffer from complications such as peritoneal bleeding and abdominal tenderness sowing to hepatic portal vein thrombosis and rupture that leads to the Budd-Chiari syndrome [10]. HCC patients feel extreme pain when cancer has metastasized to the bones, leading to surgeries, such as trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) [8,9].
Emerging synthetic drugs for the treatment of liver cirrhosis
Published in Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs, 2021
Jonathan Andrew Fallowfield, Maria Jimenez-Ramos, Andrew Robertson
Cirrhosis is characterized by extreme liver scarring (fibrosis), loss of organ function and serious complications related to portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the hepatic portal vein and its branches). It represents a generic end-stage for a variety of chronic liver diseases (CLD) including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcohol-related liver disease and chronic viral hepatitis. NAFLD is now the commonest etiology worldwide, affecting 1 in 4 adults [1], and the progressive form that leads to patient harm (nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) is predicted to increase by 63% between 2015 and 2030 [2], representing a global cohort of at least 100 million individuals. Cirrhosis is typically classified as either compensated or decompensated. In compensated cirrhosis, the liver can maintain its important functions and patients are generally asymptomatic. In decompensated cirrhosis the liver no longer functions adequately, and patients develop life-threatening problems including bleeding varices (varicose veins in the esophagus), ascites (abnormal buildup of fluid in the abdomen) and hepatic encephalopathy (altered brain function).
A fully coupled porous media and channels flow approach for simulation of blood and bile flow through the liver lobules
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
The liver, as the largest endocrine gland, has many functions and duties in the human body. Among these functions, the liver acts as a refinery producing biochemicals for digestion. One of the liver products is bile, an alkaline compound, that helps to emulsify the lipids in the digestion process. The red blood cells decomposition, glycogen storage regulation, and the hormones production are the other roles of the liver. The liver receives blood from two main vessels, including the hepatic Portal Vein (PV) and Hepatic Artery (HA), as shown in Figure 1(a). These vessels are divided into small capillaries inside the liver. Hepatic portal vein provides de-oxygenated blood, rich in digested nutrients, from the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and spleen. This is about 75–80% of the total volume of blood entering the liver (Garcea and Maddern 2009). The remainder is provided through the hepatic artery caring fully oxygenated blood, poor in nutrients, from the aorta to the liver (Garcea and Maddern 2009).