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Nutrition Part I
Published in Mark C Houston, The Truth About Heart Disease, 2023
About 1% of the public has celiac disease and perhaps another 6–7% have verified gluten sensitivity with dramatic changes in the appearance of their gastrointestinal tract when it is consumed on a regular basis (163). A key consequence of the damage to the intestinal wall lining is that the normally tight junctions that bind cells lining the gastrointestinal (GI) tract become loose. When these junctions are loose, the contents of the GI tract can enter the wall of the bowels and then enter into the bloodstream. Many studies have shown that, after a fatty meal, a wave of inflammation and endotoxins enter the bloodstream and may remain present for hours (6,9,10). When gliadin, a component of gluten-containing foods like bread, is present in the intestines of those with celiac or gluten sensitivity, a newly discovered protein called zonulin is released into the gut (163). Zonulin is now thought to have a potential role not only in celiac disease but also Type 1 diabetes, obesity, and other immune illnesses (163). It has been shown to be the “crowbar” that opens tight junctions and leads to autoimmune responses, such as a leaky GI tract (163). The ability to measure blood levels of zonulin may revolutionize our understanding of GI, autoimmune, and other systemic diseases.
Nutrition, the Mediterranean Diet and Selected Supplements for the Prevention and Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
About 1% of the public has celiac disease, and perhaps another 6%–7% have verified gluten sensitivity with dramatic changes in the appearance of their gastrointestinal tract [164]. A key consequence of the damage to the intestinal wall lining is that the normally tight junctions that bind cells lining the gastrointestinal (GI) tract become loose. When these junctions are loose, the contents of the GI tract can enter the wall of the bowels and then enter into the bloodstream. Many studies have shown that after a fatty meal, a wave of inflammation and endotoxins enter the bloodstream and may remain present for hours [6,9,10]. When gliadin, a component of gluten-containing foods like bread, is present in the intestines of those with celiac or gluten sensitivity, a newly discovered protein called zonulin is released into the gut [164]. Zonulin is now thought to have a potential role not only in celiac disease but also in type 1 diabetes, obesity and other immune illnesses [164]. Zonulin has been shown to be the “crowbar” that opens tight junctions and leads to autoimmune responses such as a leaky GI tract [164]. The ability to measure blood levels of zonulin may revolutionize our understanding of GI, autoimmune, and other systemic diseases. A pharmaceutical molecule that is a zonulin blocker (AT-1001) is being developed to determine if a patient with celiac disease can consume wheat products without damage.
Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Bioactive Compounds from Medicinal Plants
Published in Hafiz Ansar Rasul Suleria, Megh R. Goyal, Health Benefits of Secondary Phytocompounds from Plant and Marine Sources, 2021
Muhammad Imran, Abdur Rauf, Anees Ahmed Khalil, Saud Bawazeer, Seema Patel, Zafar Ali Shah
IBD (Inflammatory bowel disease) i.e., Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic inflammatory diseases of lower GIT (gastrointestinal tract). Lupeol significantly decreased the formation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6, and IL-12), and caused remarkable elevation in formation of p38 MAPK [39]. In vivo, in silico, ex vivo and in vitro studies revealed that Lupeol significantly prevented hemorrhage, oxidative stress, cleavage of collagen and CX3CR1 receptors, edema, myotoxicity, dermonectosis, and myonecrosis in inflammatory cell induced due to Echiscarinatus (saw-scaled viper) bite venom [34]. Intraperitoneal injection of Lupeol (@ 10, 25, or 50 mg/kg) had significant effect on the severity of pancreatitis, which was proven by decreased neutrophil infiltration and pancreatic edema. Additionally, lupeol suppressed the elevated content of digestive enzymes (IL-6) and cerulean-induced acinar cell death [54].
Current status and advances in esophageal drug delivery technology: influence of physiological, pathophysiological and pharmaceutical factors
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Ai Wei Lim, Nicholas J. Talley, Marjorie M. Walker, Gert Storm, Susan Hua
The esophagus is a part of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract) that connects the pharynx to the stomach. It is a hollow, muscular channel that delivers swallowed food bolus to the stomach. The thickness of the esophageal wall in healthy individuals varies depending on the section of the esophagus, with the largest wall thickness during esophageal contraction of 4.70 mm (95%CI: 4.44-4.95) and during esophageal dilation of 2.11 mm (95%CI: 2.00-2.23) (Xia et al., 2009). The esophagus begins at the upper esophageal sphincter that is formed by the cricopharyngeal muscle and ends with the lower esophageal sphincter, which is surrounded by the crural diaphragm (Standring, 2020). While the average length of the esophagus in an adult is between 23 to 25 cm, the length in children at birth varies between 8 to 10 cm (Standring, 2020; Scott-Brown et al., 2008). The esophagus is lined with non-keratinized squamous epithelium in humans and the muscular elements are smooth muscle (Standring, 2020).
The Effects of Perioperative Probiotics on Postoperative Gastrointestinal Function in Patients with Brain Tumors: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2023
Mengyang Jiang, Xiaoyu Zhang, Yiqiang Zhang, Yang Liu, Ran Geng, Haixia Liu, Yongxing Sun, Baoguo Wang
The primary functions of the gastrointestinal tract are motility, secretion, absorption, and serving as a barrier. Nervous system disorders affecting gastrointestinal function are characterized primarily by abnormalities in motility rather than secretion (6). Gastrointestinal motility is regulated at multiple levels, including the central and enteric nervous systems as well as the microbiome (26,27). Surgery-induced stress and inflammatory responses activate the sympathetic and enteric nervous systems, leading to gastrointestinal dysfunction and thus disturbing motility and transit (28). This process involves the immune system, inflammatory cells, reactive enteric glia, neurons, smooth muscle cells, epithelial cells, and the microbiome in the intestinal lumen (8). Postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction can not only cause short-term complications, but may also lead to long-term complications after inflammation subsides (29). The incidence of postoperative gastrointestinal dysfunction in adults with neurological diseases is more than twice that for individuals with non-neurological diseases (2).
Hyaluronan-induced alterations of the gut microbiome protects mice against Citrobacter rodentium infection and intestinal inflammation
Published in Gut Microbes, 2021
Tangyou Mao, Chien-Wen Su, Qiaorong Ji, Chih-Yu Chen, Rongjun Wang, Deepak Vijaya Kumar, Jinggang Lan, Lefei Jiao, Hai Ning Shi
The gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem harboring an enormous community of microorganisms that coexist with the host in a symbiotic relationship and play important roles in maintaining human health.14 This dynamic interaction between the microbiota and host is conducive to the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis, nutrient acquisition, energy regulation, and colonization resistance against enteropathogens.15 Therefore, targeted regulation of the composition and function of intestinal microbiota has been suggested to play an important role in maintaining the homeostatic innate and adaptive immune responses both systemically and in the gut in preventing bacterial enteropathogen infection. In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that hyaluronan-mediated alterations of the gut microbiome significantly modulated mucosal immunity against bacterial enteropathogens and intestinal inflammation. A better understanding of the role of hyaluronan in the regulation of the complex interactions between host gut microbiota, mucosal immune function, and inflammatory processes will facilitate the development of novel therapeutics for many critical diseases.