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The Cardiovascular System and its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
Blood vessels, the second major component of the system, are interconnecting tubular structures carrying blood throughout the body to acquire and supply nutrients to the cells; remove by-products of cellular functions and deliver them to other organs for elimination; and transport hormones, antibodies, leukocytes, and numerous other regulatory and defensive components. Vascular simply indicates reference to vessels (vas- or vaso-: vessel or duct). Thus, an area such as the scalp, which has a large concentration of blood vessels, is said to be highly vascularized, the verb form of vascular. The same root appears in several terms describing actions of the blood vessels, such as vasodilation, vasoconstriction, and vasospasm. A second root, angio-, more frequently refers to diseases or procedures related to blood vessels. For example, angiopathy and angiography are, respectively, diseases (-pathy) and imaging (-graphy) of the blood vessels.
Development of palliative medicine in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Published in Eduardo Bruera, Irene Higginson, Charles F von Gunten, Tatsuya Morita, Textbook of Palliative Medicine and Supportive Care, 2015
Anticancer drugs act not only on tumors but also on cells throughout the body. In particular, vascular endothelial cells are exposed to high concentrations of drugs and are known to be easily injured, resulting in angiitis. Thus, angiopathy can occur not only in great blood vessels but also in peripheral blood vessels. In the brain in particular, microangiopathy causes ischemia and circulatory disturbance, which lead to dysfunction of the BBB. This causes brain edema and metabolic disorder, which indirectly lead to inflammation in supporting cells, resulting in neuronal injury. In addition to the injury mechanism, protective factors have also been examined. Similar to other central nervous system disorders, it has been hypothesized that the following may be related to the extent of injury: (1) the effects of protective factors/ nutritional factors such as apolipoprotein E (ApoE) gene polymorphism and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene polymorphism; (2) factors related to the metabolism of neurotransmitters, such as catechol-O-methyltransferase gene polymorphism; and (3) polymorphisms that remove harmful substances from cells and are related to the BBB, such as the multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) gene encoding P-glycoprotein (P-gp) [16]. Ahles et al. examined the relationship between the extent of injury and ApoE gene polymorphism and reported that after chemotherapy was given, the extent of cognitive dysfunction in cancer patients possessing the ApoE 4 gene was greater than that in patients without ApoE4 [17].
Neurobehavioral Syndromes in Patients with Cerebrovascular Pathology
Published in José León-Carrión, Margaret J. Giannini, Behavioral Neurology in the Elderly, 2001
María Dolores Jiménez, Eva Cuartero, Jorge Moreno
Its diagnosis is easy since patients are young and do not present with vascular risk factors. They have a family history of migraine, subcortical vascular dementia, depression, or leukoencephalopathy. Apart from the neuroimaging studies, skin or muscle biopsy can prove to be useful to find evidence of the characteristic angiopathy.
Anti-diabetic effect of β-D -mannuronic acid (M2000) as a novel NSAID with immunosuppressive property on insulin production, blood glucose, and inflammatory markers in the experimental diabetes model
Published in Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry, 2019
Seyed Shahabeddin Mortazavi-Jahromi, Shahab Alizadeh, Mohammad Hassan Javanbakht, Abbas Mirshafiey
Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic disorders and one of the major health problems in humans due to its numerous complications and high mortality rate (Nammi et al. 2003). The prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide and, according to the prediction by the World Health Organization, the global number of people with diabetes will increase from 285 million in 2010 to 439 million in 2030 (Shaw et al. 2010). Diabetes has various etiologies including the destruction of insulin-secreting cells in the pancreas. In this disease, the most important symptoms are hyperglycemia, polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and glucosuria, and its common side effects include metabolic acidosis, which is dangerous and may lead to shock (Deinhofer and Weissenböck 1998, Hayashi et al. 1998, Brownlee 2001, Humphrey and Kuethe 2006). It also impairs the metabolic functions of the body (Salsali and Nathan 2006). The mortality rates of cardiovascular diseases are higher in diabetic patients. The rate of mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in diabetic patients is 28.7%, which is 76% higher than the control group (16.3%) (Järvisalo et al. 2002). Diabetes mellitus can be classified in various ways including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), gestational diabetes, and hidden diabetes. Complications of diabetes include retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, angiopathy, weight loss, etc (Cade 2008).
Blood biomarkers in ischemic stroke: potential role and challenges in clinical practice and research
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2018
Konstantinos Makris, Alexander Haliassos, Maria Chondrogianni, Georgios Tsivgoulis
On the other hand, hemorrhagic stroke (HS) can be distinguished as intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). ICH occurs when a blood vessel within the brain parenchyma ruptures and is characterized by the formation of a localized hematoma within the brain parenchyma and accounts for ∼15% of all strokes. The most common cause is hypertension that provokes the rupture of a weak artery. Other causes are arteriovenous malformations, cavernous angiomas, amyloid angiopathy, and tumor metastases. SAH accounts for about 5% of all strokes. Most SAHs are caused by rupture of saccular aneurysms within the subarachnoid space. The terms HS and ICH are used interchangeably as the majority of HS are ICH (12% of the total 20% of HS). Although less common than IS, ICHs are associated with higher mortality [14–17].
A rare cause of stroke in young children: minor head trauma associated with mineralising lenticulostriate angiopathy in three patients
Published in Paediatrics and International Child Health, 2022
Kiruthiga Sugumar, Aakash Chandran Chidambaram, Bobbity Deepthi, Sriram Krishnamurthy, C. G. Delhikumar
In conclusion, basal ganglia stroke owing to mineralising angiopathy is an uncommon entity with a generally good prognosis. Thin-slice multiplanar CT scan is the investigation of choice to detect the calcification. Exclusion of other potential causes of stroke is essential before reaching a diagnosis. The rarity of this condition and the scarcity of the literature emphasises the need for further studies to identify the exact pathophysiology, risk factors, and long-term outcome of mineralising angiopathy.