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Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The levator scapulae muscles act to elevate the scapula. They, together with the three scalene muscles, are attached at their superior ends to the cervical vertebrae. The scalene muscles attach to the first and/or second rib. The scalenus anterior is a key to understanding the anatomy of the root of the neck as a result of its important relationships to other structures. These include the phrenic nerve, the subclavian artery and vein, the brachial plexus and the cervical part (i.e. dome) of the pleura.
Head and Neck
Published in Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott, Applied Anatomy for the FRCA, 2020
Bobby Krishnachetty, Abdul Syed, Harriet Scott
MusclesSternocleidomastoid – large muscle bulk lateral and anterior to the carotid sheath, comprising of a sternal head (manubrium of sternum to superior nuchal line of occiput) and a clavicular head (medial one third of clavicle to mastoid process) and innervated by accessory nerve and branches from the anterior rami of C2–C3.Scalene muscles – a group of three paired muscles (anterior scalene, middle scalene, posterior scalene) that originate on the transverse processes of the C2–C7 vertebrae and insert on the first and second ribs, and innervated by the anterior rami of C4–C6.Longus colli muscle – ‘long muscle of the neck’, posterior to the oesophagus, running along the anterior surface of the vertebrae between the atlas and T3 vertebra, and innervated by the anterior rami of C2–C6.
Functions of the Respiratory System
Published in Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal, Principles of Physiology for the Anaesthetist, 2020
Peter Kam, Ian Power, Michael J. Cousins, Philip J. Siddal
The external intercostal muscles slope down and anteriorly and move the ribs upwards and forwards. The scalene muscles are active even during quiet breathing and elevate the ribcage. The sternocleidomastoid muscles are recruited when breathing is increased, when they also elevate the ribcage.
Respiratory dysfunction in patients with chronic neck pain: systematic review and meta-analysis
Published in Disability and Rehabilitation, 2023
Ibai López-de-Uralde-Villanueva, Tamara del Corral, Rodrigo Salvador-Sánchez, Santiago Angulo-Díaz-Parreño, José-Javier López-Marcos, Gustavo Plaza-Manzano
Numerous studies have demonstrated that patients with neck pain disorders have an altered neuromotor control strategy during craniocervical flexion, characterized by reduced activity in the deep cervical flexors and increased activity in the superficial flexors [10,42,43]. Hence, the superficial cervical flexor muscles (sternocleidomastoid and scalene) become dysfunctional in the presence of neck pain, showing an inefficient neuromuscular activation pattern [44,45]. Furthermore, patients with neck pain demonstrated a reduced ability to relax these muscles upon completion of a functional motor task [46], which could lead to muscle fatigue due to the overactivity of these muscles by the loss of specificity, resulting in a reduction in muscular strength. Moreover, the superficial cervical flexor muscles play an active role in inspiration, with evidence suggesting that the scalene muscles are active during breathing at rest and that the sternocleidomastoid muscles are active during strong inspiratory efforts [47]. It could therefore be hypothesized that fatigue/dysfunction of these muscles could influence their force-producing abilities and could lead to decreased MIP in patients with CNP, thereby establishing the presence of inspiratory muscle weakness compared with asymptomatic individuals.
Application of CUBE-STIR MRI and high-frequency ultrasound in contralateral cervical 7 nerve transfer surgery
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Ai-Ping Yu, Su Jiang, Hua-Li Zhao, Zong-Hui Liang, Yan-Qun Qiu, Yun-Dong Shen, Guo-Bao Wang, Chunmin Liang, Wen-Dong Xu
All studies were performed in clinic using a linear 12-MHz transducer on the LOGIQ e platform (GE Healthcare). Sonography was performed from a supraclavicular approach, as described by Wang et al.15 The patient was placed supine and the arm was positioned by the side and the shoulder was placed in neutral rotation. The head was tilted to one side and the ultrasound probe was placed in the supraclavicular fossa in a transverse orientation, aimed caudad into the thoracic cavity, to visualize the brachial plexus near the subclavian artery. Once identified, the plexus was followed cephalad where it is found in the interscalene groove. The C5 and C6 roots were also followed to where they appear joined as the superior trunk. Ideally, this location should be proximal to where the suprascapular nerve branches. The long axis of the cervical vertebrae was used as the axis to move the prove. The anterior scalene muscle was considered as the reference object. The anatomic positional relationship between the nerve root and the transverse process of the anterior and middle scalene muscles in the cross section was used. Then, rotate the probe 90 degrees to the oblique sagittal plane of the lateral side of the neck. Take the anterior tube of the vertebral body as the reference and scan along the long axis of the bilateral brachial plexus nerves.
Limited utility of Kinesio Taping® in the physiotherapy treatment for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease exacerbation
Published in Physiotherapy Theory and Practice, 2018
Rodrigo Boff Daitx, Karoliny dos Santos, Marcelo Baptista Dohnert, Tamiris do Amaral da Silva, Jane da Silva
The Kinesio Taping® Group received the standard treatment (i.e., the same as in Control Group), plus the application of Kinesio Taping® on respiratory muscles (diaphragm and scalene). Kinesio Tex® elastic bandages 5 cm wide were used in this group. For the diaphragm, Kinesio Taping® was applied on the right and left hemidiaphragm with the patient in a sitting position. The bandage was applied on the xiphoid process, along the rib arches with medium compressive stress (approximately 30%) and was fixed on the T12 vertebra. In the scalene muscles, one end of the bandage was secured on the clavicle area and the other end on the transverse process of the C2, C3, and C4 vertebrae, also with medium compressive stress, and then fixed on the skin manually with firm finger pressure (Kase, Wallis, and Kase, 2003).