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Anaesthetic Management of Early-Onset Scoliosis
Published in Alaaeldin (Alaa) Azmi Ahmad, Aakash Agarwal, Early-Onset Scoliosis, 2021
Damarla Haritha, Souvik Maitra
Scoliosis is the lateral and rotational deformity of the vertebral bodies, which causes the shift of the spines of vertebrae toward the concave side [1]. The bending of vertebral bodies toward one side leads to posterior shift of the ribcage on the convex side, forming a hump that deforms the chest wall. Moreover, there can be crowding of the ribs on the concave side and widening of the ribs on the convex side. With an overall incidence of 2%–3% in the general population, scoliosis poses a challenge to the anaesthesiologist as this chest wall deformity has serious consequences on the cardiorespiratory status of the patient [2].
Low Back Pain
Published in Benjamin Apichai, Chinese Medicine for Lower Body Pain, 2021
The spine is a column of 33 vertebrae. Five of the lower vertebrae are fused into the sacrum. The coccyx is formed from three to five (most often four) rudimentary vertebrae and does not contain a spinal canal, pedicles, laminae, or spinous processes.47 The rest of the vertebrae are connected by facet joints. Tucked between the vertebrae are cushion-like pads called discs, whose function is to protect the spine and provide flexibility. Resting within the column of vertebrae lies the spinal cord, and the nerve roots are outside the special column.
Anatomy of the head and neck
Published in Helen Whitwell, Christopher Milroy, Daniel du Plessis, Forensic Neuropathology, 2021
The spinal cord serves to link the brainstem to the appropriate segmental nerves of the peripheral nervous system as they emerge between each vertebra. In the adult, it extends from the lower end of the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum to the level of the upper border of the second lumbar vertebra. Below this level, it tapers and forms the conus medullaris. A band of pia mater called the filum terminale continues downwards from the end of the cord to the coccyx.
Anterior controllable antidisplacement and fusion surgery for the treatment of extensive cervico-thoracic ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament with severe myelopathy: case report and literature review
Published in British Journal of Neurosurgery, 2023
Chen Yan, Huai-Cheng Jia, Jing-Chuan Sun, Jian-Gang Shi
Recently, a novel surgical technique named anterior controllable antidisplacement and fusion (ACAF) has been proposed for the treatment of multilevel severe OPLL.14 Direct, in situ and sufficient decompression of the spinal cord is obtained by anteriorly hoisting the vertebrae-OPLL complex (VOC) to restore the spinal canal space instead of exposing the spinal canal and resecting the OPLL. Previous studies demonstrated that patients treated with ACAF obtained better recovery of neurologic function and a lower incidence of CSF leakage and neurologic deterioration than those undergoing the standard anterior approach.16,17 As the locations of the spinal cord and nerve roots return to their pre-compressed positions, a lower incidence of C5 palsy is reported in ACAF than that in posterior approaches.18,19 Moreover, ACAF was more effective in the cases with OR of OPLL greater than 60% or K-line (-), compared with the posterior approach.20 Good cervical kyphosis correction was also observed after ACAF.21 Another novel technique named “shelter technique” was proposed to cooperate with ACAF to treat the patients with OPLL involving the C2 segment successfully.22 Additionally, ACAF was proved to be an effective and safe revision surgical technique after initial posterior surgery for OPLL.23 Previous studies about ACAF mainly focused on the cervical OPLL with no greater than 4 segments. However, some special cases with OPLL involving cervico-thoracic or longer segments treated by ACAF have not been reported yet.
Effects of backrest and seat-pan inclination of tractor seat on biomechanical characteristics of lumbar, abdomen, leg and spine
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Qichao Wang, Yihuan Huo, Zheng Xu, Wenjie Zhang, Yujun Shang, Hongmei Xu
The spine plays various roles in supporting the trunk, protecting the internal organs, controlling human movement and protecting the spinal cord. The adult spine consists of 26 vertebrae, including seven cervical vertebrae (C1–C7), 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1–T12), five lumbar vertebrae (L1–L5), one sacral vertebra and one caudal vertebra from the top to the bottom. The load of spine in different parts is the sum of the weight of the above limbs, muscle tension and external load. Therefore, the spine gradually widens from the top to the bottom, which is in line with the gradual increase in spinal load. The thoracic vertebra is the most important part of human spine, playing important roles in maintaining the stability and driving the movement of human upper limbs. The lumbar spine is located at the bottom of the spine, acting as a junction of the movable segment and the fixed segment. It bears a large load and is the most frequent site for the occurrence of lumbar occupational diseases. Based on these facts, this study selected some thoracic segments and the whole lumbar segment as the objects for analysis.
Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tyler M. Cook, Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
As illustrated in Fig.1 and 2, vagal and spinal afferent neurons innervate the digestive tract, monitoring mechanical, chemical, thermal, and nociceptive signals related to the diet and microbiota.40–45 It is important to note that some enteric neurons are also characterized as afferent and they are labeled as “intrinsic”, while spinal and vagal neurons which originate outside of the gut are “extrinsic”. Vagal afferent neurons transmit signals up from the viscera, their cell bodies are located in the nodose ganglia (NG), and they synapse into the solitary nucleus (NTS) in the brainstem (Figure 2). The NTS integrates vagal afferent signals and relays the information up to higher brain regions such as the hypothalamus, or reflexes back down to the dorsal motor nuclei of the brainstem where vagal efferent neurons project out to effector organs.46 Spinal neurons, with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), project into the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. These signals are relayed up to the brain and integrated, or they induce reflex activation of motor neurons which may bypass the brain. The spinal nerves can be subdivided into 5 divisions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal, based on their projections into and out of the vertebrae.