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The patient with acute neurological problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
In incomplete SCI, the ability of the brain and spinal cord to convey messages is not entirely lost; some degree of motor or sensory function is present below the level of the injury. Patients with complete SCI have no function below the level of the injury, no sensation and no voluntary movement; both sides of the body are equally affected. Understanding the anatomy of the spinal nerves helps predict how the patient will be affected.
Tumors of the Spine, Intervertebral Disk Prolapse, the Cauda Equina Syndrome
Published in Jacques Corcos, Gilles Karsenty, Thomas Kessler, David Ginsberg, Essentials of the Adult Neurogenic Bladder, 2020
Patrick J. Shenot, M. Louis Moy
Disk herniations usually occur in a dorsolateral direction, thereby leading to compression of individual spinal nerve roots. Central disk herniations result in a disproportionate number of cases that result in severe lower urinary tract dysfunction. The signs and symptoms resulting from central disk prolapse vary depending on the rate and extent of the herniation, the size of the spinal canal, and the number of nerve roots involved. Sacral roots travel closest to the midline in the cauda equina and, consequently, the nerve roots are most likely to be damaged by central disk herniations.
Neurofibromatosis
Published in K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla, 100 Short Cases for the MRCP, 2020
K. Gupta, P. Carmichael, A. Zumla
Neurofibromas originate from the Schwann cells and fibroblasts of the neurilemmal sheath of the peripheral nerve. They are of varying sizes, occur commonly over the trunk and are distributed along the course of the nerves. Some may later develop malignant changes. Sarcomatous change in the fibromas may occur. Spinal nerve root involvement can lead to cord compression. CNS fibromas may cause stenosis/compression of the Sylvian aqueduct and give rise to hydrocephalus.
Buyang Huanwu decoction improves neural recovery after spinal cord injury in rats through the mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy
Published in The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine, 2023
Ying Nie, Yujie Fan, Xi Zhang, Xiaosong Li, Jian Yin, Meili Li, Zhaoyong Hu, Liang Li, Xiaoye Wang
RST transection model is often used in SCI repair research because of its clear bundle, simple operation, and small trauma. The RST transection operation was performed following the methods described before.3 Rats were anesthetized by intraperitoneal injection of 2% pentobarbital sodium (30 mg/kg), the cervical curvature was fixed in the prone position, and the soft tissue and superficial muscles were separated under the operating microscope. Part of the erector spinae attached to the right side of the C2 spinous process was removed to expose the ligamenta flava between the C3 and C4 vertebral arches, and the ligamenta flava was cut open to expose the spinal cord. A small incision was made through the dura mater following identifying the dorsal root of the spinal nerve. Then, the right dorsolateral funiculus of the spinal cord was transected using a No. 12 surgical blade. This operation completely transected the lateral funiculus (containing the RST) and partially injured the ipsilateral ventral funiculus and gray matter, leaving the dorsal columns intact. When the animal woke up, the right forelimb was flexed and close to the trunk, with uncoordinated movement, and the right forepaw could not open, indicating the success of the operation.
Communication between the gut microbiota and peripheral nervous system in health and chronic disease
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Tyler M. Cook, Virginie Mansuy-Aubert
Neuronal transmission allows for nearly instantaneous processing of sensory input or generation of motor output. This rapid signaling of peripheral neurons in the gut is critical for homeostatic mechanisms such as GI motility, secretion, and even immune response modulation.39 The peripheral nervous system (PNS) consists of vagal and spinal sensory (afferent) neurons, autonomic motor (efferent) neurons, and enteric neurons (Figure 2). Afferent neurons send information from the periphery to the brain or spinal cord, while efferent neurons project out from the central nervous system (CNS) to peripheral organs. Classifying by anatomical distribution, the twelve cranial nerves project from the brain/brainstem and spinal nerves from the spinal cord. The autonomic system is divided into sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric nervous systems (ENS).
When to consider “mixed pain”? The right questions can make a difference!
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2020
Rainer Freynhagen, Roberto Rey, Charles Argoff
Shooting pain that radiates like an electric shock from the lumbar spine to the buttocks and onwards to the back of the thigh and calf into the foot is the hallmark of sciatica16,17. Sciatica most commonly occurs when a herniated disc, bone spur on the spine, synovial cysts or narrowing of the spine (spinal stenosis) compresses part of a spinal nerve, leading to pain and oftentimes numbness in the affected leg. Lumbar disc herniation is one of the most common causes of neuropathic lower back pain associated with shooting leg pain. Sciatica may occur spontaneously at rest, and prolonged sitting can aggravate symptoms (riding a car, sitting at a desk). Conversely, pain may be aggravated by coughing or sneezing, or movements such as bending, lifting and twisting.