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Role of respiratory muscle training to treat exercise respiratory symptoms
Published in John W. Dickinson, James H. Hull, Complete Guide to Respiratory Care in Athletes, 2020
Hege Havstad Clemm, John W. Dickinson
Digital RMT devices that enable to the athlete to gain immediate breath by breath feedback on the quality of their training can be of further benefit. These devices allow athletes to track power, air-flow and volume through each inspiratory manoeuvre. This allows the athlete to see if each breath achieved a smooth maximal breath. Figure 12.1 demonstrates the power production through the breath when athletes produce optimal and sub-optimal manoeuvres. It is clear when athletes utilise apical or asynchronic breathing patterns (see Chapter 11) they are unable to sustain power throughout inspiration and the total air inspired per breath is compromised. Allowing athletes to observe this detail provides immediate bio-feedback, which allows them to grasp what optimal breathing technique is. Regardless of the device it may assist athletes to have a practitioner place hands on sides of lower cage to allow them to focus on where they should initiate the breath. Alternatively, an elastic strap or band can be placed around lower rib cage – this should not provide extra resistance to work against.
Animal Models of Scoliosis
Published in Yuehuei H. An, Richard J. Friedman, Animal Models in Orthopaedic Research, 2020
Noriaki Kawakami, Masao Deguchi, Tokumi Kanemura
Among unilateral operations on structures in the vicinity of the spine, posterior rib resection lateral to the transverse process is recognized as a procedure which constantly produces scoliosis.33,34,71,72 The rib cage has several important biomechanical functions related to the spine. It stiffens and strengthens the spine, thus providing greater resistance to displacement. The vertical stability of the thoracic spine is maintained by equal support of the ribs on both sides. Since Bisgard46 first reported experimental thoracogenic scoliosis, this type of experimental model has been used for investigation of the etiology and pathology of scoliosis.29,35,38,40,43,51 The results of these studies indicated that scoliosis might be caused by the weakness or absence of a structure on the convex side of the curve or the over activity of its antagonist on the concave side.
Renal, Cardiovascular, and Pulmonary Functions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The lungs are located in the thoracic cavity and are protected from physical damage by the rib cage. The diaphragm at the base of the lungs is a sheet of skeletal muscle that separates the lungs from the stomach and intestines and is the main muscle of respiration involved in breathing. The lungs are encased in two membranes: the inner visceral pleura, which covers the surface of the lungs, and the outer parietal pleura, which is attached to the inner surface of the thoracic cavity. The pleurae cavity contains pleural fluid, which decreases the amount of friction that lungs experience during breathing. The overall lung structure is depicted in Figure 7.9. Within the lung, the bronchi branch into secondary (lobar) and then into tertiary (segmental) bronchi. These lead into smaller airways called bronchioles that eventually connect with tiny specialized structures called alveoli. The alveoli are only one cell thick, allowing easy passage of oxygen and carbon dioxide (CO2) between the alveoli and surrounding capillaries.
Respiratory disturbances in fibromyalgia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of case control studies
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2021
Araceli Ortiz-Rubio, Irene Torres-Sánchez, Irene Cabrera-Martos, Laura López-López, Janet Rodríguez-Torres, María Granados-Santiago, Marie Carmen Valenza
Fibromyalgia is a syndrome highly comorbid with other pain conditions, such as myofascial pain syndromes, headache, neck pain, and chronic visceral pain. These comorbidities may have an influence on the respiration function [43,44]. In this line, a recent systematic review concluded that individuals with neck pain have reduced maximum pressures [45]. The authors suggested that a cervical and thoracic spine stabilization is needed for optimal activation of respiratory muscles. Imbalance of neck stabilized and mobilizer muscles in the presence of pain may lead to instability of the cervical and thoracic spine regions as well as changes in rib cage mechanics. Modifications of rib cage movement may also lead to respiratory disturbances by influencing the length-tension curve in the muscles, such as the abdominal muscles, diaphragm, and external intercostal muscles. Further studies should be performed to determine if similar reasons can explain reduced respiratory pressures in fibromyalgia.
Occupant kinematics and biomechanics during frontal collision in autonomous vehicles—can rotatable seat provides additional protection?
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Hequan Wu, Haibin Hou, Ming Shen, King H. Yang, Xin Jin
For both the frontal collision and the rotation-and-impact simulations, the nodal output data at the center of gravity (CG) of the head were output to calculate brain injury criteria (BrIC). The trajectory of the head CG was plotted to describe the relative position and motion state between the head and the seat. A cross-section was created at C7 to measure the neck axial loading and bending moment which were used to calculate normalized neck injury criteria (Nij). Figure 7 demonstrated the measurement of anterior–posterior and lateral chest deflections. Chest deflections were measured at six locations (upper left, upper right, lower left, lower right, lateral upper, and lateral lower) using 6 pairs of points on the ribcage, as reported by Kitagawa and Yasuki (2013). Maximum principal strain values on the anterior longitudinal ligaments (ALL), posterior longitudinal ligaments (PLL), capsular ligaments (CL), ligament flavum (LF), and interspinous ligaments (IL) of the whole neck were measured and compared with the cervical spine ligament injury threshold reported by Yoganandan et al. (2000). Rib fractures and stress distribution patterns on the ribcage were observed. As defined in the THUMSTM, the rib cortical bone failure occurs when the plastic strain reaches 0.2. The cancellous bone damage occurs when the effective plastic strain reaches 0.06, and the elements will be deleted if damage reaches 0.5.
Experimental platform to facilitate novel back brace development for the improvement of spine stability
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2019
L. Cooper, A. Gullane, J. Harvey, A. Hills, M. Zemura, J. Martindale, A. Rennie, D. Cheneler
The ribcage contributes to a reduction in flexibility in the torso and an increase in motion stability [27]. The ribcage was designed based on cadaver data of an average male, combined with reverse engineering of existing skeletal models (Panjabi et al. 1992). Simplifications were made to the geometry of the ribs and sternum to improve the quality of the parts produced using FDM. To further simplify the ribcage design, only essential ribs were included. These include ribs necessary for load distribution. Only four rib pairs were therefore included in the design, connected to vertebrae T1, T3, T5 and T10. The ribcage was also fabricated from ABS1400 to simulate bone within the spinal structure. The assembled CAD model of the artificial spine is shown in Figure 6 and compared directly to CT scan data. This CT scan data was retrieved from an open access source (An 2014) which used Materialise Mimics software (Materialise 2018) to convert CT slices into a solid model. Radiographic data was taken from a male cadaver without any apparent spine trauma or pathological effects. The data is used here purely for visual comparison.