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Engineered Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Tianmeng Sun, Yu Shrike Zhang, Pang Bo, Dong Choon Hyun, Miaoxin Yang, Younan Xia
The tumor interstitium also plays an important role in determining the passive targeting efficiency. The tumor interstitium is composed of an elastic network of collagen fibers filled with hydrophilic fluid [180]. Unlike the normal tissue, there exists a high interstitial pressure in the tumor interstitium, especially in the central portion of the tumor, which tends to work against the extravasation of nanoparticles. In general, the transport of nanoparticles into the interstitium is driven by a net force between the extravasation and interstitial pressure, as well as the gradient in concentration [177, 181]. Interestingly, the shape of the nanoparticles was also found to play a role in EPR-based tumor targeting [182]. Both simulation and experimental results have shown that nanoparticles with a spherical shape tend to follow a laminar flow pattern so that only those particles that move near the surface of the vascular wall will be able to extravasate into the tumor [7c, 183]. In contrast, rod- and bar-shaped nanoparticles are hydrodynamically more unstable and sometimes fail to follow the flow pattern as they travel in the bloodstream [184]. These hydrodynamic features provide more opportunities to finely tune the geometrical parameters of nanoparticles and thereby enhance their chance to cross the gaps on the vascular wall [184].
Scar Tissue Management
Published in David Lesondak, Angeli Maun Akey, Fascia, Function, and Medical Applications, 2020
Catherine Ryan, Nancy Keeney-Smith
Following tissue damage, the lymphatic system is tasked with managing consequent edema/swelling and clean-up of debris. Several factors can impact the lymphatic system’s ability to uptake fluid and its constituents from the interstitium. Transport inadequacy occurs when local lymphatic load exceeds lymphatic system capacity. Mechanical inadequacy occurs when lymphatic transport capacity slows due to functional or organic causes such as surgery, radiation, and trauma. Following tissue rupture, the volume of local edema coupled with factors that may impede lymphatic flow (e.g., patient immobility or decreased movement, disruption of lymphatic vessels/nodes and compression of lymphatic vessels) may lead to a state of temporary transport inadequacy contributing to stasis and/or impaired drainage. Lymph stasis potentiates prolonged/excessive tissue distention, heightened cytokine/pain mediator concentration, compromised diffusion of cellular waste, nutrients and oxygen—delaying or impairing healing and contributing to fibrogenesis. For example; axillary web syndrome or cording is thought to be fibrosis of the fascial sheath surrounding lymph vessels and/or small veins that occurs as a result of disruption of lymphatic flow due to node dissection or surgical procedure.
Dynamics of Lymph Formation and its Modification
Published in Waldemar L. Olszewski, Lymph Stasis: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Treatment, 2019
Thomas H. Adair, Jean-Pierre Montani
The interstitium is composed of free tissue fluid, gel, and solid structural elements such as collagen and elastin fibers. These provide a theoretical basis for several different types of pressure in the interstitium.8,17–33 Three types of tissue pressure are vitally important for understanding the process of lymph formation: tissue fluid pressure, solid tissue pressure, and total tissue pressure.17
A detailed insight of the tumor targeting using nanocarrier drug delivery system
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Sibgha Batool, Saba Sohail, Fakhar ud Din, Ali H. Alamri, Ahmad S. Alqahtani, Mohammad A. Alshahrani, Mohammed A. Alshehri, Han Gon Choi
Leaky vasculature of the tumor blood vessels enables the nanocarriers to simply enter into the interstitial space by crossing the endothelial barrier. The size of tumor endothelial cell linings varies depending on the type of tumor and ranges from 100 to 700 nm, which is 50–60 times greater than the normal endothelium (Greish, 2007). Moreover, poor lymphatic drainage system in solid tumors results in insufficient circulation to the extravasated cells, leading to the accumulation of the nanocarriers to the tumorous site. This process is referred as enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR) and it is thought to be a good approach in efficient tumor targeting (Torchilin, 2011). The effective execution of EPR by tumors, as well as tumor characteristics including (pH, angiogenesis and microenvironment) are essential for successful passive targeting (ud Din et al., 2017). Tumor hypoxia physiologically triggers angiogenesis which results in the formation of networks of abnormal blood vessels with enhanced permeation because of large spaces that develop between endothelial cells with a size up to 600 nm (Sibgha et al., 2021). Furthermore, tumor interstitium with reduced lymphatic drainage is also significant. EPR effect has gained notoriety for passive tumor targeting, considering that it is deemed to be the criterion (Hirsjarvi et al., 2011).
Echinochrome Exhibits Antitumor Activity against Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma in Swiss Albino Mice
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2021
Sections in the control’s kidney group showed that the cortex scattered well-formed glomeruli with preserved Bowman’s space and patent capillaries. The proximal and distal convoluted tubule of the Henle loop was lined by cuboidal cells with an empty lumen (Figure 5). The interstitium showed scattered capillaries. Sections in the kidney of the EAC group disclosed markedly reduced glomerular size with capillary congestion, severe interstitial edema, and Tubular epithelial degeneration (Figure 5). Kidney sections of 5-FU group disclosed marked Glomeruli shrunken with capillary congestion, severe interstitial edema with focal hemorrhage with Tubular epithelial degeneration (Figure 5). Sections in the kidney of Ech group disclosed Moderate Glomeruli shrunken with capillary congestion, mild interstitial edema with focal hemorrhage and moderate tubular epithelial degeneration (Figure 5).
Interstitial lung abnormalities – current knowledge and future directions
Published in European Clinical Respiratory Journal, 2021
Gisli Thor Axelsson, Gunnar Gudmundsson
Interstitial lung abnormalities have many parallels with advanced forms of interstitial lung disease. They are associated with some of the cardinal epidemiologic, environmental, and genetic risk factors of ILD as well as some proposed biomarkers and histopathological features of ILD [5,25,31,34,37,39]. Associations have been found to differ among different imaging patterns, with stronger genetic associations and worse outcomes observed for imaging abnormalities that are extensive enough to meet criteria for ILD diagnosis among symptomatic people [5]. ILA progression has been observed and the odds of progression have been found to be increased with genetic risk factors of ILD and imaging features suggestive of more advanced fibrosis [50,74]. Aside from their relationship with ILD, ILA seem to give rise to adverse clinical outcomes, most notably lung malignancies and increased mortality [8,10,65]. So, the proposition that some or all of the changes that the ILA term encompasses represent possible precursors, or early stages, of ILD [91] are strengthened by the body of research reviewed here. In addition, the outcomes associated with ILA suggest that they can by themselves be a relevant clinical finding.