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An Introduction to Bioactivity via Restorative Dental Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Mary Anne S. Melo, Ashley Reid, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
The use of bioactive materials in vital dental pulp therapy and root canal treatment is an essential area in dental research (Walsh et al. 2018). In clinical scenarios where pulp exposure occurs during an operative procedure for caries removal, it is the standard of care procedure that a dental material is placed directly over the exposed dental pulp to preserve its vitality. These materials are known as pulp-capping materials (Zhang and Yelick 2010). Pulp-capping materials can trigger the dental pulp to recruit odontoblasts and undifferentiated mesenchymal cells to form the reparative dentin. The main goal of this process is to preserve the pulp vitality and reduce the risk of irreversible pulpitis (Goldberg and Smith 2004).
Gene Therapy in Oral Tissue Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Fernando Suaste, Patricia González-Alva, Alejandro Luis, Osmar Alejandro
The dental pulp is a soft connective tissue located at the center cavity of the tooth; this is composed of nervous and vascular cells. The principal factor from tissue damage occurs as a result of caries. The primary treatment to protect the tissue from damage is the pulp capping procedure; through this treatment, the dental pulp is protected from necrosis through the deposition of calcium hydroxide. Other methods have employed the use of growth factors that have been installed directly at the site of the injury (OP-1, TGF-13, BMP-4, and BMP-2). Through the use of Gene Therapy Dental Pulp Stem Cells DSPCs transfected with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) and Stromal cell-Derived Factor-1α (SDF-1α), have proven to be an effective treatment that allows an increase in pulp regeneration in vivo (Goldberg et al. 2001; Zhu et al. 2018).
The gastrointestinal system
Published in C. Simon Herrington, Muir's Textbook of Pathology, 2020
Sharon J. White, Francis A. Carey
The dental pulp is a vascular connective tissue confined within the pulp chamber and root canals. Pulpitis is the most common and clinically significant lesion of the pulp. It occurs most often due to the extension of caries into dentine and then into the pulp. Physical injury, such as trauma, heat, and chemical irritation from filling materials, may also give rise to pulpitis, which may be acute or chronic. As the changes occur within the rigid confines of the pulp chamber, there is an increase in pressure due to inflammatory exudate. Consequently, acute pulpitis is very painful. The pain of pulpitis is poorly localized and patients frequently cannot indicate the tooth involved. If the inflammation spreads to the apical periodontal ligament, the patient can localize the tooth involved and it becomes tender to percussion. If the insult to the pulp is less severe, chronic pulpitis may result. The pulp may undergo necrosis after acute or chronic pulpitis. Clinically, a non-vital tooth lacks lustre and may be discoloured by the leaching of products of the necrotic pulp into the dentine. In children, a large carious cavity penetrating quickly to the pulp may result in a large opening into the pulp chamber, leading to open pulpitis from which exudate can drain. Granulation tissue may extend as a pulp polyp into the carious cavity.
Dental stem cells for tooth regeneration: how far have we come and where next?
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2023
The first branch can be characterized as stem cells of the dental pulp/dental apical papilla. Stem cells can be isolated from the dental pulp of postnatal wisdom teeth (dental pulp stem cells, DPSCs) [13] and of exfoliated deciduous teeth (stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth; SHED) [15]. Moreover, it is also possible to isolate stem cells from the dental apical papilla stem cells (SCAP), sometimes referred to as neural crest-derived progenitor cells from the apex of human developing tooth [16–18]. SCAPs are part of the apical papilla that can only be isolated from impacted wisdom teeth without a fully developed tooth root [19]. SCAP, SHED, and DPSCs are ideal for regenerative therapies of dental pulp/dentin complex [20], but, however, SCAPs are likely to be the progenitors for primary odontoblasts that form dentin during tooth development, while dental pulp stem cells (SHED or DPSCs) differentiate into replacement odontoblasts that regenerate degenerated dentin [1]. Anyway, this article summarizes recent developments in the regeneration of dental pulp and dentin with stem cells.
Cell homing strategy as a promising approach to the vitality of pulp-dentin complexes in endodontic therapy: focus on potential biomaterials
Published in Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 2022
Elaheh Dalir Abdolahinia, Zahra Safari, Sayed Soroush Sadat Kachouei, Ramin Zabeti Jahromi, Nastaran Atashkar, Amirreza Karbalaeihasanesfahani, Mahdieh Alipour, Nastaran Hashemzadeh, Simin Sharifi, Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
Dental tissue engineering must consider two distinct sections of a tooth, each with its own set of characteristics [7]. The dental pulp is the soft, stromal tissue situated at the center of the tooth, surrounded by dentin. It is an extensively vascularized and innervated connective tissue that is required to maintain the homeostasis of teeth and thus their vitality. It comprises of fibroblasts, odontoblasts, vascular cells, neural cells and immune cells such as macrophages (histiocytes) [8], granulocytes, mast cells and plasma cells [9]. In addition, stem cell populations reside in the microvasculature and in other niches of the dental pulp [10,11]. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) maintain tissue homeostasis after differentiating into odontoblasts. These form new dentin when the original post-mitotic odontoblasts are lost as a result of dental diseases such as caries. Odontoblasts comprise highly differentiated cells that come from the neural crest, form primary dentin and maintain dentin throughout life. In addition, various signaling molecules mediate these tissue interactions [12]. Several studies have reported recent progress in developing dental pulp regeneration [13,14].
Nanofibers as drug-delivery systems for infection control in dentistry
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2020
Maurício G. C. Sousa, Mariana R. Maximiano, Rosiane A. Costa, Taia M. B. Rezende, Octávio L. Franco
As previously mentioned, a large variety of microorganisms are responsible for the infection of the dental pulp tissue and consequently contribute to pulp necrosis [76]. Some studies have sought to understand the differences between the microbiota present in pulp infections caused by dental caries and dental trauma [77]. The most often found species in cases of dental trauma, so far, were Actinomyces naeslundii, Porphyromonas endodontalis, Parvimonas micra, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porhiromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forshytia, Filifactor alocis and Treponema denticola [64]. Other species such as Enterococcus faecalis have also been studied, mainly as a base microorganism for understanding how antimicrobial pastes would act on the root canal system, since this microorganism is related to cases of persistent infection and endodontic failure [78].