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Oral Nutritional Supplements and Appetite Stimulation Therapy
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
In this chapter, we have detailed the etiology of adult FTT, a syndrome of unintentional weight loss in which stomach and bowel function generally remains intact. The etiology of FTT lies more in food seeking and selection than in digestion and absorption. Factors such as the socio-economic condition, psychological state, medication use and development of dementia can contribute. Anorexia, early satiety, disturbances of olfaction and taste sensation should be explored. Disorders of mastication, swallowing and GI function should be considered. Alterations in metabolism and inflammation may also play a role.
The Digestive (Gastrointestinal) System and Its Disorders
Published in Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss, Understanding Medical Terms, 2020
Walter F. Stanaszek, Mary J. Stanaszek, Robert J. Holt, Steven Strauss
The palate, which is the roof of the mouth, is actually composed of two sections: the hard palate, which assists in mastication by providing a surface against which food can be manipulated, and the soft palate, which can move back and forth over the nasopharynx (nasal opening) to prevent food from entering the nasal cavity and to allow air to pass through.
Digestive and Metabolic Actions of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
Between 0.5 and 1.5 L of saliva are produced in humans every day. In addition to its role in digestion, saliva provides a physical barrier against local irritants, lubricates and cleans the oral tissues, promotes mucosal repair, maintains a stable intraoral pH and electrolyte balance, prevents tooth demineralization, and contributes to the remineralization of dental hard tissues (Figure 8.4B). Saliva contains antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal components that help to maintain the normal oral flora and provide protection. Saliva facilitates mastication and swallowing, initiates food processing, and affects the perception of taste. Saliva is also an easily accessible body fluid for the diagnosis of many local and systemic conditions [26]. Samples of human saliva contain low levels of DA and NE that do did not parallel their levels in plasma [27]. When tested volunteers expressed fear or anxiety, DA levels in their saliva increased tenfold. The mechanism by which stress stimulates DA release into saliva is unclear and merits additional investigation.
Comparative studies on the tongue of the Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus) and the common quail (Coturnix coturnix)
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2023
Amany Attaallah, Yousra Fouda, Abd El-Fattah B. M. El-Beltagy, Amira M. B. Saleh
The avian tongues, for example, displayed particular modifications for the collection, manipulation and swallowing of foods [13,14]. The circumstances in which birds live are diverse, as birds live in the air, on land, on and around fresh water and sea water. Moreover, they are characterized by weak manipulation of foods due to absence of teeth, lips and cheeks with functional muscles [15–17]. However, instead of all that, their upper and lower jaws develop into beaks and the lingual apparatus in the oropharyngeal cavity are responsible for the regulation of the process of feeding and mastication. Furthermore, the lingual apparatus has supportive cartilaginous and bony skeletal elements, muscles and salivary glands which in combination process the tongue function [18]. In addition, inside the beak, the tongue is supported by large filiform and conical papillae on the lingual sides and a lot of small filiform papillae on the dorsal surface of the lingual epithelium which catch food particles [19].
An approach for simultaneous reduction and fixation of mandibular fractures
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2023
Ethan Snyder, Mohamed Trabia, Nir Trabelsi
There are four primary muscles attached to the mandible that aid in mastication: masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid (Shayesteh Moghaddam et al. 2018) and (Lovald et al. 2010). Each of these muscles induce forces of varying magnitude and direction during speaking or eating. After a mandibular fracture, these muscles tend to either separate or reduce the fracture, depending on the fracture location and the direction of the muscle forces proximal to the fracture. Muscle forces corresponding to a right molar clench are listed in Table 1 (Korioth et al. 1992). These forces were scaled down to 60% of their original values to more accurately portray post-surgical loading (Tate et al. 1994). Each muscle group was associated with unit vector directions and a scale factor, depending on which side of the mandible the clench force was applied to. The locations of muscle forces and fixed supports were chosen based on (Korioth et al. 1992). While the muscle origins were symmetric on both sides of the mandible, the force vectors for the left side are asymmetrical across the YZ-plane, which is the mandible’s vertical plane of symmetry. Figure 9 presents a view of muscle force origins. These muscles are labeled A through E. Post-surgical muscle forces were used in the simulations.
Critical roles of adherens junctions in diseases of the oral mucosa
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2023
Christina Kingsley, Antonis Kourtidis
Situated in the central portion of the oral cavity, the tongue is important in mastication, or chewing to form a bolus of food, and also assists in swallowing. The tongue consists of stratified squamous epithelium and is attached to the floor of the mouth via a folded structure, called the frenulum.4 The ventral portion of the tongue consists of stratified squamous, non-keratinized epithelium, while the dorsum of the tongue is covered by a specialized mucosa that can be either keratinized or non-keratinized2 (Figure 1). Taste bud papillae are found predominantly on the tongue and palate. There are three types of papillae: a) fungiform located on the anterior portion; b) circumvallate, which are located on the posterior part of the tongue; and c) foliate papillae located on the lateral sides of the tongue.5