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Principles of a balanced nutritious diet for children over 1 year
Published in Judy More, Infant, Child and Adolescent Nutrition, 2021
Dental decay is caused by constant exposure to acid that is either contained in food and drink or produced by bacteria in the plaque on teeth as the bacteria break down the sugar present in food and drink. Acid is present in all drinks and fruit juices except water and milk.
Plastic Restorations for Primary Teeth
Published in M S Duggal, M E J Curzon, S A Fayle, K J Toumba, A J Robertson, Restorative Techniques in Paediatric Dentistry, 2021
M S Duggal, M E J Curzon, S A Fayle, K J Toumba, A J Robertson
The types of restorations required in primary molar teeth will vary from tiny ‘preventive resin restorations’ (PRR), buccal pits, large occlusal restorations, Class V fillings, through to multisurface fillings (MO, DO, MOD etc). When caries involves more than two surfaces of the primary molar, a stainless steel crown should be used. Large cavities in primary molars inevitably involve undermined enamel and weak margins, and may already have developed pulp inflammation. Again, if pulpal treatment is required, a stainless steel crown is desirable because of the weakening of the remaining tooth structure. The failure rate for multisurface plastic fillings is very high (Papathanasiou et al, 1994). Therefore, the use of plastic restorations should be restricted to minimal one- or two-surface cavities. Hence, the restoration of large mesio-occlusal, disto-occlusal and mesio-occlusal-distal cavities will not be discussed further.
Current Status and Role of Dental Polymeric Restorative Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Haohao Wang, Suping Wang, Xuedong Zhou, Jiyao Li, Libang He, Lei Cheng
Dental caries is known as the destruction of dental hard tissues by acidic by-products from bacterial metabolism of dietary carbohydrates (Selwitz et al. 2007). Despite the great efforts in caries prevention, it is still one significant public health problem globally, and dental restorations are the most commonly used approach to restore decayed teeth (Selwitz et al. 2007). Apart from that, restorations also play an essential role in clinical treatment, including tooth wear, dental trauma, and esthetic purposes. Although all kinds of restorative materials emerge in an endless stream, there are generally two common categories of restorative dental materials: direct and indirect materials, both have their specific indications for clinical use (AFFAIRS ACOS 2003). The former category includes most commonly used filling materials like amalgam, resin composites, glass ionomer cement (GIC), etc., which are placed directly into a tooth cavity and shaped intraorally. The indirect restorations are fabricated outside of the mouth via dental impressions of a prepared tooth, such as crowns, inlays and onlays, bridgework, and veneers (Loomans and Özcan 2016).
Dental caries and their microbiomes in children: what do we do now?
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Apoena Aguiar Ribeiro, Bruce J. Paster
The composition of the oral microbiome is in a state of dynamic flux that is driven by the unique environment of the oral cavity and the interplay between microorganisms, environmental exposures and host factors. The oral cavity is formed by different structures and tissues, such as saliva, gingival fluid, and keratinized/non-keratinized epithelial or mineralized tooth surfaces, including the tongue, gingiva and teeth. These structures form micro-environments with unique characteristics for bacterial colonization and community development [13–17]. As a result, the mouth is the second most heavily colonized part of our bodies and the commensal microbiome of the oral structures consists of microorganisms that live in symbiosis with healthy individuals. This balance is possibly due to the diverse commensal microbial community that prevents the colonization of foreign pathogens and contributes to host ecology and physiology [14]. The oral microbial community collectively comprises more than 700 bacterial species, of which about 30% still have yet to be cultivated [12,18,19,20]; https://www.homd.org/), with distinct subsets populating discrete niches in the oral cavity [21].
Sex-specific reference values for the crown heights of permanent anterior teeth and canines for assessing tooth wear
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2023
Paula Roca-Obis, Ona Rius-Bonet, Carla Zamora-Olave, Eva Willaert, Jordi Martinez-Gomis
On the day of measurement, age, gender, body height and details of whether the participant had any anterior tooth restorations were obtained by interview-based questionnaire at the Barcelona University School of Dentistry (Catalonia, Spain). Anterior tooth restorations were assessed by intraoral examination and incisal wear was assessed and scored according to an 8-point ordinal scale of the finer-grained quantification module [14]. Briefly, incisal tooth wear was graded on a tooth-by-tooth basis as grade 0 as no visible wear; grade 1a, 1 b or 1c as minimal wear, facets or noticeable flattening of incisal edges, within the enamel, grade 2, 3a, 3 b and 4 as wear with dentine exposure and loss of clinical crown height ≤1/3, 1/3-1/2, 1/2-2/3, >2/3, respectively. In the same session, one researcher (P R-O) measured the clinical crown height from incisal edge to the most apical curvature of the gingival margin, for each permanent anterior tooth and canine. Measurement was performed using the external edges of a digital calliper and recorded to the nearest 0.01 mm (Figure 1). We excluded restored anterior teeth for which the actual height could not be determined. Teeth scoring ≥ 2, indicating wear with dentine exposure, or teeth on which enamel wear could have reduced crown height were considered worn and excluded from the analysis. In this study, six tooth groups were considered, i.e. central incisors, lateral incisors and canines in the maxillary and mandibular arch.
Molecular Genetics of Cleidocranial Dysplasia
Published in Fetal and Pediatric Pathology, 2021
Jamshid Motaei, Arash Salmaninejad, Ebrahim Jamali, Imaneh Khorsand, Mohammad Ahmadvand, Sasan Shabani, Farshid Karimi, Mohammad Sadegh Nazari, Golsa Ketabchi, Fatemeh Naqipour
Human have two teeth series, 20 teeth in the deciduous dentition and 32 teeth in the permanent dentition. Supernumerary teeth (ST), or hyperdontia are defined as additional teeth to the normal dental components. Supernumerary teeth (ST) are one of the most common human anomalies [52]. They may occur anywhere in the mandible or in the maxilla, singly or in multiples, unilaterally or bilaterally, erupted or unerupted. The etiology of ST is still unknown. They may be associated with a syndrome or non-syndrome patients. The prevalence of ST in the general population is 0.2% to 0.8% in the deciduous dentition and 0.5% to 5.3% in the permanent dentition [52] . The presence of one, two and multiple ST for non-syndromic cases has been reported to be 76–86%, 12–23%, and 1%, respectively [53]. Multiple supernumerary teeth have been reported in normal individuals, but most are associated with other disorders or syndromes [52, 54].