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Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Mark A. Reynolds, Zeqing Zhao, Michael D. Weir, Tao Ma, Jin Liu, Hockin H. K. Xu, Abraham Schneider
The periodontium is comprised of alveolar bone, cementum, periodontal ligament (PDL), and gingiva (Bottino et al. 2012; Sowmya et al. 2013). Cementum and alveolar bone are mineralised tissues. PDL is a fibrous tissue that attaches the root cementum of a tooth to the host alveolar bone (Liu et al. 2019). Periodontal disease is initiated by pathogenic bacteria, which triggers an inflammatory response. Inflammation of the gingiva without clinical evidence of breakdown of the periodontium is considered reversible and characteristic of gingivitis. Periodontitis, however, involves an irreversible breakdown of the connective tissue attachment to the root of the tooth and alveolar bone resorption, attributable primarily to the immune and inflammatory response to bacterial pathogens. Progressive periodontal destruction results in tooth mobility (loose teeth) and tooth loss. In nearly 50% of adults, the host response to oral bacteria leads to periodontitis, with progressive destruction of tooth-supporting apparatus. Severe periodontitis is relatively prevalent, affecting as many as 8–15% of the entire global population (Frencken et al. 2017). Moreover, alveolar bone loss and periodontal defects due to congenital birth defects, traumatic injury, tumours, and other infectious conditions may lead to the need for alveolar bone reconstruction, periodontal regeneration, or both. Indeed, alveolar bone defects have been associated with a decrease in the health and quality of life for millions of people (Bottino et al. 2012).
An Introduction to Bioactivity via Restorative Dental Materials
Published in Mary Anne S. Melo, Designing Bioactive Polymeric Materials for Restorative Dentistry, 2020
Mary Anne S. Melo, Ashley Reid, Abdulrahman A. Balhaddad
The fine line of cement between the crown margins and the tooth has been prone to bacterial accumulation and enzymatic degradation, and it is at high risk of secondary caries around the crowns, as illustrated in Figure 1.7. This area is also inclined to indirect restorations not being seated correctly causing open margins. The initial target for bioactive types of cement was to overcome the formed gaps. The rationale is that bioactive types of cement would induce apatite-containing deposits at the open margin. The deposits would serve as a physical barrier occluding the cement gap at the tooth-restorative interfaces avoiding biofilm accumulation.
Gene Therapy in Oral Tissue Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Fernando Suaste, Patricia González-Alva, Alejandro Luis, Osmar Alejandro
Cementum is a thin layer of mineralized tissue covering the tooth root surface, which provides a mineralized interface where the soft-tissue attachment has to be re-established. Also, the cementum matrix is a rich source of many growth factors that influence the activities of various periodontal cell types (Han et al. 2015; Grzesik and Narayanan 2002).
Effects of long noncoding RNA H19 on cementoblast differentiation, mineralisation, and proliferation
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Yunru Hao, Yunlong Wang, Mingyuan Du, Leilei Wang, Zhijian Liu, Chen Zhang, Zhengguo Cao, Hong He
The tooth cementum is a layer of thin and bone-like mineralised tissue covering the root surface. The two ends of periodontal ligament fibres insert into the alveolar bone and the cementum respectively, anchoring the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone. Defects in the cementum weaken the attachment function and can even lead to tooth loss. Thus, the integrity of cementum is a noteworthy aspect for orthodontic treatment and is also considered to be the most critical part of successful periodontal regeneration [1]. Cementoblasts located along tooth root surfaces are responsible for cementum matrix deposition and mineralisation. Similar to osteoblasts, cementoblasts also express Runx2 [2–4], Sp7 [5,6] and Ibsp [7,8], which participate in the regulation of cementoblasts and the development of cementum. However, further studies on the regulatory mechanisms are still needed.
Anti-biofouling properties of poly(dimethyl siloxane) with RAFT photopolymerized acrylate/methacrylate surface grafts against model marine organisms
Published in Biofouling, 2021
Cary A. Kuliasha, Rebecca L. Fedderwitz, Shane J. Stafslien, John A. Finlay, Anthony S. Clare, Anthony B. Brennan
Macrofouling vectors, including barnacles and other hard-fouling organisms such as mollusks, polychaetes, and bryozoans, comprise a significant portion of the fouling community and have complex interactions and relationships with microfouling species (Ralston and Swain 2009). A. amphitrite acorn barnacles are a common component of many coastal and estuarine habitats, are prevalent on many man-made structures, and are used as a model organism (adult and larval cyprids) to test ABF surfaces under development. Barnacles adhere to surfaces using a rigid cement (Ramsay et al. 2008). Mechanical (Sullan et al. 2009) and chemical (Schmidt et al. 2009) studies indicate that the cement is a complex material composed of calcite and various proteinaceous compounds (Walker 1972) that vary in both composition and structure depending on the attachment surface (Berglin and Gatenholm 2003). The cement is secreted from the barnacle baseplate, and it forms a strong adhesive bond via a complex bio-polymerization process where proteins cross-link in a fashion similar to blood coagulation (Dickinson et al. 2009) through a stepwise cementation process (Burden et al. 2012). The adhesive cement has high toughness and strength due to biochemically insoluble beta-sheet amyloid proteins arranged in nanofibrillar structures and globular proteins (Barlow et al. 2010). These properties provide a robust adhesive bond that requires high fracture energy to remove the barnacle, making barnacles one of the more challenging organisms for ABF coatings.
Studies of the early stages of the dynamic setting process of chemically activated restorative glass-ionomer cements
Published in Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry, 2021
Fernanda M. Tsuzuki, Renata C. Pascotto, Luis C. Malacarne, Antonio C. Bento, Antonio Medina Neto, Lidiane Vizioli de Castro-Hoshino, Monique Souza, John W. Nicholson, Mauro L. Baesso
Despite the importance of these longer-term effects, the major variation in the material is generally considered to occur just after its preparation. The fact that the reactions occurring at this stage are fast imposes limitations on the ability to follow the setting chemistry, especially in the first few seconds of the process. The present study addresses this problem by examining the very early stages of the dynamics of the cement setting process (i.e. down to about 20 s after the beginning of mixing). It focuses on the stabilization time of the metal carboxylate bonds formed within the GICs and their relationship with hardening time. This is of clinical relevance as the stabilization time is related to the overall speed of setting, and setting speed influences the strength of the set material, with more rapidly setting materials generally being stronger [11]. In its turn, the strength affects the longevity of the restoration, so this aspect is of importance in determining the clinical success of these materials. The null hypothesis is that the stabilization time of the metal carboxylate bonds formed within the GICs is coincident with its hardening time.