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Nanopharmaceuticals in Alveolar Bone and Periodontal Regeneration
Published in Harishkumar Madhyastha, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Nanopharmaceuticals in Regenerative Medicine, 2022
Mark A. Reynolds, Zeqing Zhao, Michael D. Weir, Tao Ma, Jin Liu, Hockin H. K. Xu, Abraham Schneider
Dental stem cells including hPDLSCs and hDPSCs were isolated from extracted human teeth. hPDLSCs were differentiated into osteoblasts, fibroblasts, and cementoblasts for tissue engineering the periodontium to generate the cementum-PDL-bone structure. In addition, stem cells showed exciting potential for maxillofacial bone tissue engineering applications. In particular, the novel hPDLSC-CPC-metformin construct displayed excellent properties for bone tissue engineering, and the bone mineral-mimicking nanoapatite CPC scaffold supported the stem cell performance. Furthermore, bioactive agents were delivered via the scaffolds. Metformin delivered using CPC greatly increased the osteogenic differentiation and mineral production of hPDLSCs. The metformin+osteogenic construct had 3–4 times of increase in expression levels of osteogenic genes, ALP activity, and mineral production. Indeed, CPC-metformin-hPDLSC construct showed a high promise for bone engineering in dental, craniofacial, and orthopaedic repairs. In addition, CPC-chitosan scaffold demonstrated a great potential for HPL delivery, and HPL in CPC promoted hPDLSCs for bone regeneration. Moreover, nano-CaF2 composite demonstrated excellent potential for tooth restorations to release calcium and fluoride ions to promote hPDLSCs for osteogenic and cementogenic differentiations. Therefore, novel developments in stem cell technology, bioactive and nanostructured scaffolds, and nanopharmaceuticals are highly promising for periodontal regeneration and therapies in the oral and maxillofacial regions.
Biomimetic Approaches for the Design and Development of Multifunctional Bioresorbable Layered Scaffolds for Dental Regeneration
Published in Vincenzo Guarino, Marco Antonio Alvarez-Pérez, Current Advances in Oral and Craniofacial Tissue Engineering, 2020
Campodoni Elisabetta, Dozio Samuele Maria, Mulazzi Manuela, Montanari Margherita, Montesi Monica, Panseri Silvia, Sprio Simone, Tampieri Anna, Sandri Monica
The events constituting tooth formation are complex, they require the active presence of all cellular components of the periodontium: fibroblasts for soft connective tissues such as PDL, cementoblasts for cementogenesis, osteoblasts for bone and endothelial cells for angiogenesis (Bartold et al. 2000; Maeda et al. 2014). All these cell lineages must correctly interact with each other, as well as with a variety of molecules of the extracellular matrix (ECM) (Thesleff and Hurmerinta 1981).
Mechanical Stress and Bone Remodeling
Published in Wilson Harvey, Alan Bennett, Prostaglandins in Bone Resorption, 2020
Although the resistance of cementum to resorption is not directly relevant to PGs, it is an intriguing phenomenon, and like the normal resistance of cartilage to vascularization and osteoclastic resorption, it could tell us a lot about the regulation of resorption. An important clue to the underlying mechanisms which prevent resorption in both tissues is the production of “anti-invasion factors”. In cartilage these appear to be proteinase inhibitors2 and in the periodontium (cementum or periodontal ligament) an inhibitor of collagenase activity has been described.3 These inhibitors in the extracellular matrix could block the action of proteases released by resorbing cells: OCs, macrophages, or perhaps osteoblasts (OBs); on the other hand, the absence of OCs from the area immediately around the cementum could reflect a more subtle influence of periodontal ligament cells, cementoblasts, or perhaps remnants of the epithelial root sheath on osteoclastic activity.
Prevention and repair of orthodontically induced root resorption using ultrasound: a scoping review
Published in Expert Review of Medical Devices, 2023
Mahmoud Sedky Adly, Afnan Sedky Adly, Richard Younes, Marwan El Helou, Ivan Panayotov, Frederic Cuisinier, Delphine Carayon, Elias Estephan
As cementum contributes to tooth roots structural stability, ultrasound was suggested to minimize orthodontically induced root resorption through enhancing cementum deposition [38]. The results of some studies showed that US improved cementum formation, thickness, and reparative cementum [18,21,22,26,30]. The reparative effect of US can be attributed to its anabolic effects on cementoblasts which aid in root regeneration [34]. It was demonstrated that cementoblasts can be stimulated in vitro effectively by an intensity of 150 mW/cm2 [22]. US was also found to enhance periodontal ligament cells differentiation into cementoblasts-like cells and induce osteogenic differentiation [21]. Therefore, it can be suggested that US can improve cementum deposition in accordance with the results of five included studies.
Effects of long noncoding RNA H19 on cementoblast differentiation, mineralisation, and proliferation
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2022
Yunru Hao, Yunlong Wang, Mingyuan Du, Leilei Wang, Zhijian Liu, Chen Zhang, Zhengguo Cao, Hong He
The tooth cementum is a layer of thin and bone-like mineralised tissue covering the root surface. The two ends of periodontal ligament fibres insert into the alveolar bone and the cementum respectively, anchoring the tooth to the surrounding alveolar bone. Defects in the cementum weaken the attachment function and can even lead to tooth loss. Thus, the integrity of cementum is a noteworthy aspect for orthodontic treatment and is also considered to be the most critical part of successful periodontal regeneration [1]. Cementoblasts located along tooth root surfaces are responsible for cementum matrix deposition and mineralisation. Similar to osteoblasts, cementoblasts also express Runx2 [2–4], Sp7 [5,6] and Ibsp [7,8], which participate in the regulation of cementoblasts and the development of cementum. However, further studies on the regulatory mechanisms are still needed.
Focusing on Hippo Pathway in Stem Cells of Oral Origin, Enamel Formation and Periodontium Regeneration
Published in Organogenesis, 2022
Tianyi Wang, Kehan Li, Hanghang Liu, En Luo
Cementoblasts are cells forming the cementum, which provides attachment of Sharpey’s fiber of the periodontal ligament.46 OE YAP displayed upregulated mRNA levels of cementogenesis phenotypic markers like ALP, RUNX2, dentin matrix acidic phosphoprotein 1 (DMP1) and OCN, while knockdown of YAP showed lower levels of these markers, suggesting that YAP promoted the differentiation and mineralization of cementoblasts.8