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Dental Disease, Inflammation, Cardiovascular Disease, Nutrition and Nutritional Supplements
Published in Stephen T. Sinatra, Mark C. Houston, Nutritional and Integrative Strategies in Cardiovascular Medicine, 2022
Douglas G. Thompson, Gregori M. Kurtzman, Chelsea Q. Watkins
Traditionally, periodontal disease has been diagnosed by increases in pocket depth, bleeding gums and bone loss around the teeth leading to clinical attachment loss. Today, the same information is utilized to determine if the disease is and has been present; however, dentists are using the presence of gingival bleeding (bleeding on probing) to determine if the disease is active or stable. The presence of a periodontal pocket (4 mm or greater) is not indicative of active disease, especially when bleeding is not identified on probing. Radiographic evidence of bone loss associated with the teeth indicates prior disease, but it is the presence of bleeding on probing that determines disease activity and the presence of inflammation or in the case of zero bleeding on probing disease stability. When inflammation is identified, it signifies that there has been a histological alteration and bleeding on probing is a result of that change. Dental practitioners recognize that bleeding on probing and gingival inflammation can also be initiated by other systemic issues as well such as caries, failing restorative dentistry, herbals taken in supplement form and other factors. These other initiators of bleeding on probing need to be taken into consideration during the formulation of the diagnosis.
Other Complications of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
Periodontal disease involves gum and bone infections, which are more common in diabetic patients. In advanced cases, it can cause painful chewing and teeth loss. Thickening of blood vessels around gums increase the risk of periodontitis. This is because the flow of nutrients and removal of harmful wastes from the mouth is reduced, weakening resistance of gum and bone tissue to infection. The early stage of periodontal disease is called gingivitis, in which the gums become swollen and red, and may bleed. The more serious form is called periodontitis, in which the gums pull away from the teeth, bone may be lost, and the teeth can loosen and fall out.
Infection-driven periodontal disease
Published in Phillip D. Smith, Richard S. Blumberg, Thomas T. MacDonald, Principles of Mucosal Immunology, 2020
Thomas E. Van Dyke, Mike Curtis
The current consensus is that periodontal disease is an inflammatory disease initiated by bacteria that causes the destruction of the supporting tissues of the teeth in a susceptible host. There are several bacteria associated with the disease, but which organisms actually initiate disease remains unknown. Organized biofilms enhance bacterial survival. Bacterial virulence factors further enhance survival. Molecules such as toxins, proteases, and glycosidases are classified as virulence factors that hide the bacteria from host detection and provide nutrients.
Exploration of the interplay between spatially distinct microbial habitats through comparative analysis
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Hyunji Kim, Jin-Sil Hong, Pil-Young Yun, Kyung-Gyun Hwang, Keun-Suh Kim, Hyo-Jung Lee, Kyoung Un Park
Out of the 92 patients from whom specimens were obtained during the specified period, we selected 36 patients based on probing pocket depth as a clinical measure of periodontal disease. An experienced periodontist measured an average of 157 pocket depths in each patient, ranging from a minimum of 61 to a maximum of 168 pocket depths. The selected specimens were divided into two groups based on Matuliene et al. [29]: the healthy group (Non_PD) with probing depth <3 mm in all periodontal regions, and the periodontitis group (PD) with probing depth >6 mm at least in one site. The Non_PD group showed the absence of pocket depths greater than 5 mm, while the PD group exhibited an average of 68.3 pockets with depths greater than 5 mm. The study protocol received approval from the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (approval number: B-1810–499–301).
Microemulsion-thermosensitive gel composites as in situ-forming drug reservoir for periodontitis tissue repair through alveolar bone and collagen regeneration strategy
Published in Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 2023
Yang Ding, Yuxiao Wang, Jiaxin Li, Maomao Tang, Hairong Chen, Guichun Wang, Jian Guo, Shuangying Gui
Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by biofilms. It results in the destruction of periodontal tissues, the supporting structures of the teeth (such as the gingiva) and the underlying alveolar bone (Darveau 2010). According to epidemiologic data, periodontitis is a widespread non-communicable disease, potentially becoming severe and affecting 11.2% of the world population; it is the sixth most common disease in the world (Kassebaum et al. 2014). Severe periodontitis threatens human health and may increase the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer’s disease (Sadrameli et al. 2020), cardiovascular disease (Sanz et al. 2020), inflammatory bowel disease (Read et al. 2021), and rheumatoid arthritis (Schenkein et al. 2020). Periodontitis is treated by surgical therapy and non-surgical therapy. Local delivery of drugs (antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs) is the widely used non-surgical therapy to cure periodontal diseases. However, salivary flow decreases the adhesion of the drug, lowering its local concentration in the drug in the periodontal pocket. In addition, most patients may develop drug resistance after frequent dosing.
Clinical and biological indicators of periodontal disease in obese and non-obese adults with and without bronchial asthma
Published in Journal of Asthma, 2022
Bader Ikbariyeh, Rola Al Habashneh, Basheer Khassawneh, Mohammad Alrawashdeh, Lina Elsalem, Jowan Al-Nusair
Periodontitis is a major public health problem. It’s a disease affecting the supporting tissues of teeth leading to loss of periodontal tissue support and alveolar bone loss described as clinical attachment loss. Periodontitis is a disease of multifactorial nature involving an interaction between microbial challenge, host inflammatory and immune responses, and environmental modifying factors (1,2). Also it might negatively affect the quality of life being implicated in tooth loss, chewing difficulties, and esthetic problems as well as the need for huge dental care costs (2). Periodontal disease is closely associated with other chronic systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, rheumatoid arthritis, obesity, and adverse pregnancy outcomes (3–5).