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Gingivitis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Gingivitis is the most common form of mild periodontal disease. It causes inflammation, redness, and swelling of the gingiva, or part of the gum, around the base of the teeth. Bleeding gums are a sign of gingivitis, or inflammation of the gums. It is a common and mild form of gum disease caused by a buildup of plaque at the gum-line. The goal of treatment is to reverse the damage from gingivitis and to prevent progression to periodontitis because gum disease is the leading cause of tooth loss in adults.
Other Complications of Diabetes
Published in Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo, Complications of Diabetes Mellitus, 2022
Jahangir Moini, Matthew Adams, Anthony LoGalbo
With diabetes mellitus, reduced salivation is commonly seen, which may or may not include symptoms of a burning sensation inside the mouth or on the tongue. There may be enlargement of the parotid salivary glands. Gingivitis is signified by unhealthy or inflamed gums that may be red, swollen, and even bleed. Daily brushing and flossing, plus regular cleanings by a dentist, can prevent gingivitis. Periodontitis is gum disease that can change from mild to severe. The signs of gingivitis, by this time, have worsened, and the gums may pull away from the teeth. There is long-lasting infection between the teeth and gums, and chronic bad breath. Loosened teeth may move away from each other, and there are changes in the way the teeth fit together when biting. Periodontitis can be prevented via deep cleanings by a dentist and in severe cases gum surgery.
Factors Controlling the Microflora of the Healthy Mouth
Published in Michael J. Hill, Philip D. Marsh, Human Microbial Ecology, 2020
The junction between tooth and gingiva (gum) is a unique habitat (Figures 2, 4, 8 and 17), and a great diversity of species is found in supragingival plaque (located immediately above the gingival margin) as well as in subgingival plaque (below the margin, in the gingival crevice and periodontal pocket). In the absence of adequate oral hygiene, dental plaque accumulates in this protected area and invariably causes gingivitis (inflammation of the gum) (Figure 4).16 The inflammatory exudate (gingival crevicular fluid) associated with gingivitis, together with intermicrobial food webs (see below), supplies nutrients for fastidious bacteria unable to grow elsewhere in the mouth. Streptococcus, Actinomyces, Bacteroides, and Veillonella are the major genera found in plaque in the gingival region (Figure 15). Here, however, Gram-negative rods make up about 40% of the bacteria and include many Bacteroides species and other anaerobes such as Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Wolinella, and Selenomonas species. Gram-negative, facultatively anaerobic rods are also present, such as Haemophilus, Capnocytophaga, Eikenella, and Actinobacillus. Furthermore, Gram-positive anaerobes constitute high proportions, notably Peptostreptococcus spp., A. israelii, and Eubacterium species. Treponema species not found elsewhere are also present (Figure 23).1718, 122, 123
Current concepts in the pathogenesis of periodontitis: from symbiosis to dysbiosis
Published in Journal of Oral Microbiology, 2023
Ali A. Abdulkareem, Firas B. Al-Taweel, Ali J.B. Al-Sharqi, Sarhang S. Gul, Aram Sha, Iain L.C. Chapple
Periodontal disease is a broad term used to encompass diseases and conditions of the periodontal tissues. The two major forms induced by dental plaque biofilm accumulation are gingivitis and periodontitis. Gingivitis is an inflammatory lesion that remains confined to the gingiva, but which may, in susceptible people, progress to a more severe and destructive form, periodontitis [1]]. A causal relationship between periodontitis and systemic diseases has not yet been robustly established, however studies indicate that periodontal pathogens and consequent immune-inflammatory responses to them are independently associated with the pathogenesis of several systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, Alzheimer’s, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and certain cancers [2–5]. The ulcerated pocket epithelium provides a direct portal of vascular entry for periodontal pathogens, e.g. Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Tannerella forsythia, Eikenella corrodens, and Fusobacterium nucleatum to the systemic circulation, which may directly or indirectly affect other organ systems [6–8]. A report issued in 2018 estimated the economic burden arising due to periodontal diseases as approximately $154.06 billion in the US and €158.64 billion in Europe [9].
Utilization of experimental design in the formulation and optimization of hyaluronic acid–based nanoemulgel loaded with a turmeric–curry leaf oil nanoemulsion for gingivitis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Amal M. Sindi, Khaled M. Hosny, Waleed Y. Rizg, Fahad Y. Sabei, Osama A. Madkhali, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Eman Alfayez, Hanaa Alkharobi, Samar A Alghamdi, Arwa A. Banjar, Mohammed Majrashi, Mohammed Alissa
The most common type of periodontal disease is gingivitis. It can start in early childhood, it peaks in prevalence and severity in early adolescence, and it gradually declines and plateaus until the age of about 20 years is reached (Califano, 2003). The development of a biofilm as a result of inadequate oral hygiene is closely related to the seriousness of the disease. Gingival inflammation can be caused by the biofilm for 10 to 21 days; however, it can be treated by techniques for regulating the biofilm (Van der Velden, 2006). Swollen red gums and hemorrhage are the main indicators of gingivitis. When the teeth are being brushed, the gums may bleed, sometimes for no apparent reason. Because of a lack of pain or other signs, gingivitis frequently goes unnoticed for a long period of time (Blicher et al., 2005).
Tumour necrosis factor-alpha polymorphism -308 G/a and its protein in subjects with gingivitis
Published in Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, 2021
Julieta Sarai Becerra-Ruiz, Saúl Ramírez-De los Santos, Carmen Celina Alonso-Sánchez, Fernando Martínez-Esquivias, Luz Andrea Martínez-Pérez, Ana Carolina Padilla-González, Gregorio Alejandro Rivera-Santana, Celia Guerrero- Velázquez, Edgar Iván López-Pulido, Juan Manuel Guzmán-Flores
Gingivitis is caused by bacterial components such as lipopolysaccharides, which induce an inflammatory response in the host [7]. The immune response to oral microorganisms induces an inflammatory cascade that promotes the release of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α), in gingival tissue. Uncontrolled inflammation in the gingiva can cause the aggravation and destruction of the periodontal tissues, and the attachment loss may depend on the host’s responsiveness to inflammatory aggression at the gingival sites [8,9]. TNF-α is a cytokine with multiple functions that can induce tissue destruction and alveolar bone resorption [10]. The production and biological activity of TNF-α depends on genetically controlled mechanisms. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified in the TNF-α gene promoter region, and the transition from G to A at position −308 has been shown to increase cytokine production levels [11].