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Rapid Hydropyrolosis of Resid Oil
Published in Michael C. Oballa, Stuart S. Shih, Catalytic Hydroprocessing of Petroleum and Distillates, 2020
V.K. Mathur, M.A. Salahuddin, A.R. Mohamed
A pyrex reactor with a quartz cover plate, high intensity light equipment (power supply, lamp housing and 1000 watt lamp), gas Chromatograph, asymptotic calorimeter, three axis manipulator, type K thermocouple with digital thermometer, gas pump, safety bag, pressure gauge, and weighing machine capable of weighing to the nearest 0.0001 gram are the major equipment used during the course of this study. The rapid resid oil hydropyrolysis experiments are carried out in an experimental set-up as shown in Figure 1. The experimental set-up consists of a pyrex reactor, gas supply equipment, and a high intensity light assembly with a shuttering arrangement. Hydrogen and helium gases are supplied from high pressure (2500 psig) cylinders. Hydrogen gas is passed through several safety devices before entering the reactor as a precaution : (i) a flame arrestor is used to stop gas supply if a flashback occurs and to extinguish flame before it reaches the gas supply and (ii) a check valve to prevent any back-mixing. A pressure gauge is used to check for any leak in the system before each experiment is conducted as a safety measure. A teflon safety bag is used to prevent any pressure buildup during the experiment. Finally, a gas pump is used to purge the system with helium and hydrogen before each experiment.
Ignitable and Explosive Atmospheric Hazards
Published in Neil McManus, Safety and Health in Confined Spaces, 2018
A flame arrester, or flame trap, is a device to prevent the passage of a flame along a pipe or duct (Bodurtha 1980). Most flame arresters are an assembly of narrow passages through which gas or vapor can flow, but which are too small to allow the passage of flame. Desirable properties of a flame arrester include large, free, cross-sectional area, low resistance to flow, freedom from blockage, high capacity to absorb the heat from the flame, and the ability to withstand mechanical and explosive shock. Typical applications include vents on storage tanks, piping systems that supply fuel gas to burners, pipelines and flare stacks, £.nd storage cabinets. Flame arresters are also used on exhausts of internal combustion engines working in atmospheres with a flammability hazard and on crankcases of small internal combustion engines.
A review of thermodynamic concepts
Published in Ronald L. Fournier, Basic Transport Phenomena in Biomedical Engineering, 2017
Example 2.22 illustrates that the storage of flammable substances can result in vapor mixtures that lie within the flammability range. In large storage tanks under these conditions, nitrogen gas is frequently supplied as a replacement rather than simply using ambient air. The use of nitrogen gas therefore eliminates the formation of flammable mixtures within a storage tank. For smaller tanks and portable containers for which this is not possible, it is important to make sure that these tanks and containers are properly grounded to eliminate static discharges that can serve as an ignition source. In addition, all vent openings into the tank or container can be fitted with flame arrestors to prevent the propagation of a fire from outside of the tank to inside the tank. Commercial flame arrestors are relatively simple and inexpensive devices made of screens or mesh-like materials with small openings on the order of a millimeter or so. The design and construction of flame arrestors is based on the fact that flame propagation can be suppressed and eliminated if the flame has to pass through a large number of narrow openings. There exists a critical opening size below which the flame is quenched, and this is called the quenching distance. Quenching distances for a variety of flammable substances may be found in the combustion literature.
Numerical simulation of detonation wave propagation and quenching process in in-line crimped-ribbon flame arrester
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2018
ShaoChen Sun, Yuan Shu, Yu Feng, DaChao Sun, HaiTao Long, MingShu Bi
Modern industry is developing rapidly; thus, research on prevention and suppression of gas explosion of industrial medium has become an academic frontier project. Therefore, studying the suppression of combustion and explosion of flammable gas in pipelines is an important subject in safety technology, especially for the detonation phenomenon. However, less attention has been paid to detonation wave propagation in flame arrester to date. A flame arrester is a device permeable to gas flow that can quench both a flame and its combustion products sufficiently to prevent reignition at the arrester outlet. The present study aims to obtain further simulated data and discussion on the detonation wave propagation and quenching processes in crimped-ribbon flame arresters, such as the quenching rule of the detonation wave in the arrester element. The effect of porosity and element thickness on the propagation of detonation wave will also be investigated.
Effect of flame speed and explosion pressure on flame quenching performance for in-line crimped-ribbon flame arresters
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2022
Shaochen Sun, Gang Liu, Yuan Shu, Chen Ye, Junxiang Deng
Modern industry is developing rapidly, thus, research on prevention and suppression of gas explosion of industrial medium has become an academic frontier project. Therefore, studying the suppression of combustion and explosion of flammable gas in pipelines is an important subject in safety technology. A flame arrester is a device permeable to gas flow that can both quench a flame and its combustion products sufficiently to prevent reignition at the arrester outlet. In recent years, flame arresters, especially the crimped-ribbon type, have been widely used in the petrochemical and natural gas industries.