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Traditional systems of drinking water delivery
Published in Thomas Bolognesi, Francisco Silva Pinto, Megan Farrelly, Routledge Handbook of Urban Water Governance, 2023
Raziyeh Farmani, Chris Sweetapple
In distribution systems, storage tanks are used to:enable fluctuating demands to be met;equalize operating pressure; andprovide reserves for firefighting and emergency requirements.
Facilities and Operating Sources
Published in Rengasamy Kasinathan, Environmental Compliance Guide for Facility Managers and Engineers, 2023
There are several types of fuel storage tanks that can be used. Sub-base tanks, also called belly tanks, are rectangular, double-walled fuel storage tanks, which are aboveground, but designed to fit below the base of the generator set. These tanks typically only store up to 1,000 gallons of fuel. Underground storage tanks can be made of fiberglass-reinforced plastic or steel. These tanks can hold over 1,000 gallons of fuel but must have overfill protection and spill prevention equipment, as underground leaks can be extremely damaging and costly. To mitigate this risk, underground storage tanks must be surrounded by concrete floors and walls. Aboveground storage tanks are similar to underground storage tanks, but their installations differ as different hazards are present. These tanks pose a fire hazard and need to be installed away from any structures that could catch fire. Dikes and secondary containment also need to be installed around the tank to stop potential leaks and spills from spreading.
Safety Tips on Operations
Published in Dhananjoy Ghosh, Safety in Petroleum Industries, 2021
Storage tanks are used for storing petroleum products, process chemicals and also for any liquid storage. There are two types of storage tanks; namely fixed roof and floating roof. In current days a third category has come into being, i.e., a fixed cum floating roof which is a floating roof tank with one more fixed cover over the floating roof deck.
Numerical Investigation of an Optimum Ring Baffle Design to Optimize the Structural Strength of a Tank Subjected to Resonant Seismic Sloshing
Published in Structural Engineering International, 2023
Yasir Zulfiqar, M. Javed Hyder, Ahmad Jehanzeb, Hafiz Waqar Ahmad, Asim Zulfiqar, Umer Masood Chaudry, Tea-Sung Jun
Past seismic activities such as the 1906 San Francisco, 1960 Chilean, 1964 Niigata and 1966 Parkfield earthquakes have demonstrated the poor performance of liquid storage tanks under seismic excitation.1 They are prone to structural damage or even collapse due to seismic sloshing.2 The phenomenon that occurs due to the movement of the free surface in a closed container is termed sloshing. Ref. [3] classified the movement of the free surface into three different slosh modes, namely lateral, vertical and rotational sloshing. Large capacity liquid storage tanks are strategically very important and are used to store a variety of fluids, e.g. water for the distribution system and firefighting, petroleum, chemicals, Liquified Natural Gas (LNG), etc. The seismic response of liquid-containing tanks is quite complex and complicated as compared to ordinary civil structures due to the sloshing and the fluid–structure interaction (FSI) phenomenon. Therefore, to design such storage structures, a deep understanding of fluid motion during sloshing is required.
An Oblate Spheroid Base Isolator and Floating Surface Diaphragm for Seismic Protection of Liquid Storage Tank
Published in Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 2022
Liquid storage tanks are employed in the industries predominantly for storing a variety of liquids like water, oil, chemicals, petroleum, nuclear fuels, toxic, and flammable liquids etc. The failure of tanks used for storing petroleum or any hazardous chemicals can possibly cause secondary hazards such as fire, fuel spill out, nuclear radiation, soil, and environmental pollutions, after an earthquake. Several tanks have experienced damages in the past earthquakes; therefore, the protection of the tanks is a major concern during an earthquake event. The damages in the form of the tank wall yielding or buckling, damage to the roof due to sloshing of the contained liquid, spilling of liquid, sliding, overturning, and failure of piping connections are observed in the past. Therefore, it becomes utmost important to study the seismic behavior of the liquid storage tanks, in order to prevent damage and to preclude the human and economic losses. The continual functioning of these lifeline structures after the calamities is essential. Over past several decades, the seismic analysis of tank has been widely studied using analytical, experimental, and numerical approaches (Housner 1963; Veletsos 1973; Haroun and Housner 1981; Haroun 1983; Malhotra and Veletsos 1994; Malhotra, Wenk, and Wieland 2000, Hamdan 2000; Jaiswal, Rai, and Jain 2007; Goudarzi and Sabbagh-Yazdi 2009; Ghaemmaghami and Kianoush 2010; Ozdemir, Souli, and Fahjan 2010; Sreekala, Prasad, and Muthumani 2011; Moslemi and Kianoush 2012; Ormeno, Larkin, and Chouw 2015; Ruiz, Lopez-Garcia, and Taflanidis 2015; Spritzer and Guzey 2017; Rawat, Matsagar, and Nagpal 2019).
Construction and spatio-temporal derivation of hazardous chemical leakage disaster chain
Published in International Journal of Image and Data Fusion, 2021
Xinxin Zheng, Fei Wang, Wenyu Jiang, Xiaocui Zheng, Zuhe Wu, Xiaohui Qiao, Qingxiang Meng, Qingguang Chen
The combustibles leakage process is a turbulent jet process in which the leaked material exchanges mass and momentum with surrounding air (Yang et al. 2017). Many factors can cause hazardous chemical leakage in the chemical factory, including corrosion of storage tanks and other equipment, improper operation and maintenance, design defects, human activities, and environmental instability. In general, the factors can be classified into four categories, people, equipment, environment, and management. Hazardous chemicals may leak when storage tanks, pipelines, or manufacturing equipment break under the action of internal and external forces. The leaked chemicals mix with a large quantity of air and form a gas cloud. When the concentration of chemicals reaches a certain level, it causes asphyxiation and poisoning disasters. Once the gas cloud is ignited, it leads to a fire disaster when the thermal radiation range exceeds the tolerance limits of people and buildings. When the chemical concentration reaches the explosive limit, the gas cloud is detonated immediately when being exposed to an ignition source, resulting in an explosion accident. The combustible explosions will cause devastating damage to people and buildings, including blast waves, explosive fragments, noise, vibration, and thermal radiation.