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Aging and Corrosion Behavior of Ni- and Cr-Electroplated Coatings on Exhaust Manifold Cast Iron for Automotive Applications
Published in B. Sridhar Babu, Kaushik Kumar, Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites, 2021
T. Ramkumar, C. A. K. Arumugam, M. Selvakumar
In the automobile exhaust system, exhaust manifold plays a vital role [1–5]. The exhaust manifold acts as a passage of internally burnt gases from the engine cylinder to the exhaust system. Also the exhaust manifold may get affected by high-temperature gases that are exhausted from the engine. To reduce the high-temperature effects, coating is applied on the exhaust manifold, and in order to avoid this problem, nickel–chromium is coated on the substrate (gray cast iron). The ongoing progress of gas-driven engines for heavy-duty vehicles will further raise the exhaust-gas temperature and make the gas composition more corrosive. The demand was created for both heat and corrosion resistance of the exhaust manifolds. Moreover, materials with high-temperature corrosion resistance and with the ability to withstand the thermal cycling are to be developed. Ferritic ductile cast iron (SiMo51) material is used as a current exhaust manifold that is working at 800°C. At present, many researchers are investigating to enhance the properties of cast iron manifold coated with some dopants such as Nb, Sn, Fe, Ni, and Cr. For exhaust manifolds, one of the most capable approaches to coat the oxidation resistance is electroplating [6].
Power unit – engine
Published in Andrew Livesey, Practical Motorsport Engineering, 2019
At the end of the power stroke the exhaust valve opens. When the piston starts to ascend on the exhaust stroke, this is the last stroke in the cycle; the burnt mixture is forced out into the exhaust. The mixture of petrol and air has been burnt to change its composition. Its energy has been spent. The temperature of the exhaust gas is about 800 to 1,200 0C. The petrol–air mixture has been burnt to become carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), water (H2O), nitrogen (N) and free carbon (C). The exhaust gas is passed through the exhaust system to the catalytic converter to be cleaned and made non-toxic. The exhaust gas exits the engine in waves – it is not a continuous stream, nor in parcels like a sausage machine. The speed of sound at 20 0C is 343 m/s – the different exhausts give different pitches, compare the exhaust noise of a Ferrari V12 with a Ducati twin.
Laboratory Safety
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh, Safe Work Practices for Wastewater Treatment Plants, 2018
Frank R. Spellman, Kathern Welsh
Local exhaust systems consist of such devices as bench slots, canopy hoods, elephant trunks, back draft benches, and laboratory fume hoods. The laboratory fume hood is the focus of discussion in this section. A typical local exhaust system consists of five components: hoods, duct system, air cleaning device, fan, and an exhaust stack.
Effect of cyclic high temperature fluctuations on the corrosion failure of S40900, S43036, S31635 and S44400 stainless steels
Published in Cogent Engineering, 2021
Automotive exhaust systems consist of piping connections that control the movement of heated reactive gases from the ignition chamber of a vehicular engine to the exhaust manifold and through the exhaust silencer to the pipe outlet (Ikpe & Abdulsamad, 2017). Failure due to corrosion of the exhaust system causes rupture; resulting in leakages within the internal components, noise issues due to acoustic changes and environmental pollution. The high temperature conditions of exhaust systems coupled with the presence of dissolved corrosive anions necessitate cautious material choice in the production of exhaust system components for optimum and long lasting performance. The exhaust muffler is a component of an automobile exhaust system whose major functionality is to reduce the rumble passed out by the exhaust gases of an internal ignition chamber. It has an exterior shell, inner plates, inner pipes, end plates and other components. The temperature of exhaust mufflers is around 300°C to 500°C, but it can also handle higher temperatures up to 1200°C. Stainless steels are utilized in the production of automobile exhaust silencers due to their resilience to corrosion, high temperature stability and exquisite quality. Corrosion is the major factor responsible for the limited lifespan of automobile silencers and other parts of the automotive exhaust system (Hoffmann & Gümpel, 2009). Corrosion reactions control the chemical characteristics of the steel and greatly alter their physical and mechanical attributes.
Control of carbon dioxide emission in automobile vehicles using CO2 scrubber
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2019
V. S. Shaisundaram, M. Chandrasekaran, S. Mohan Raj, R. Muraliraja, T. Vinodkumar
In an automobile, a muffler is commonly known as ‘silencer’, this word is often misinterpreted as a system that serves the purpose of noise reduction alone. A muffler is that part of the exhaust system of an automobile that has been specifically designed to reduce the noise before letting it into the atmosphere. The pressure reduction is done in a way that back pressure is not developed, eventually not reducing the performance of the engine (Prasad and Crocker 1983).
The effect of using the turbulence enhancement unit before the catalytic converter in diesel engine emissions
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2018
Mohit Bhandwal, Manthan Kumar, Manish Sharma, Utkarsh Srivastava, Anmol Verma, R. K. Tyagi
A detailed study on vehicle emissions and advanced exhaust designs for control and reduction of harmful exhaust emissions was conducted. According to the available research papers, literature reviews, patents etc. it has been understood that reduction in harmful exhaust emissions can be attained by various design methods as well as internal and external changes in engine volume as well as in the exhaust system. However, it is not at all possible to completely counter each and every toxic emission from exhaust gases but the concentration of these toxic components can be lowered to the lowest possible values by applying different techniques and research to get the lowest possible emission concentration which has been done in this paper to meet the present and future emission standards. Also, economical consideration is an important key of modelling the device so that the model could achieve market feasibility and be of low maintenance cost. The suggested models are low cost and robust and can be used over a wide range of applications for contribution to the reduction of toxic exhaust emissions and following the emission standards. Catalytic converter is a device installed in the exhaust system of vehicles to reduce emissions. Due to the fact that not all the emissions goes into the catalytic converter, the efficiency and functionality of the device has come to a limit. Back pressure from the exhaust pipe is one such factor which creates resistance in the exhaust flow and hence reduces the emissions exposing to the converter's area. A study has also indicated that to get better engine performance an exhaust system model with minimum backpressure is a must (Winter Bone and Pearson 2000; Heck and Farrauto 2001; Bera and Hegde 2010; Patil, Navale, and Patil 2013). So, to increase the functionality and efficiency of the converter it is very necessary to provide maximum contact area of exhaust gases with the surface area of the catalytic converter. This research mainly focuses on creating turbulence in the exhaust flow to provide maximum contact area of the exhaust gases with the surface area of catalytic converter so as to increase the functional efficiency of the catalytic converter. Several studies have been conducted in the past for turbulence in exhaust system and engine performance which has showed the randomness, dispersability, and effectiveness of the phenomenon (Zhang and Wexler 2004; Uhrner et al. 2007; Fjallman 2013). For such purposes, several designs have been proposed and analysed in this research to get the turbulence in the exhaust flow that was mounted before the catalytic converter to get the maximum effect of the catalytic converter for reduction in exhaust emissions.