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Internal Combustion Engines
Published in Iqbal Husain, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles, 2021
Catalytic converters convert harmful pollutants in the exhaust stream into more acceptable compounds through oxidation and reduction. Catalytic converter designed only for two oxidation processes is known as a two-way catalytic converter, while that using two oxidation and one reduction processes is known as a three-way catalytic converter. The two oxidation processes reduce the carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons in the exhaust stream. The two-way catalytic converters first came into use for gasoline engines, but their inability to reduce NOx in the emissions led to the development of three-way catalysts, which is now universally used. Currently, two-way catalytic converters are used in diesel engines along with additional after-treatment components to reduce NOx and particulate matter.
Engine systems
Published in Tom Denton, Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis, 2020
Stringent regulations in most parts of the world have made the use of a catalytic converter essential. The TWC is used to great effect by most manufacturers. It is in effect a very simple device; it looks similar to a standard exhaust silencer box. Note that in order for the ‘cat’ to operate correctly, the engine must be always well tuned. This is to ensure that the right ‘ingredients’ are available for the catalyst to perform its function. A catalytic converter works by converting the dangerous exhaust gases into gases which are non-toxic (Figure 6.69).
Exhaust emissions and engine management systems
Published in Allan W. M. Bonnick, Vehide Electronic Systems and Fault Diagnosis, 2014
For catalytic converters to work effectively they must be provided with optimum conditions, such as operating temperature and correct air-fuel ratio of the engine fuelling. The general approach to this is to use electronically controlled systems because they seem to provide the best solution.
Numerical analysis of modified crossbreed engine cycle under BS VI norms
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
P. V. Elumalai, M. Parathasarathy, S. Sathishkumar, M. Murugan, A. Saravanan, M. Sreenivasa Reddy, Keerty Venkata Sri Ramachandra Murthy
The developed crossbreed engine needed an experimental set-up to analyse the practical outcome of the engine by testing it under various dynamic load conditions. An Eddy current dynamometer and a smoke metre are the basic requirements of the experimental set-up to analyse the performance under variable load conditions and the flue gas formation and fresh charge escape at exhaust (emissions), respectively. A catalytic converter may additionally be used to improve the environmental efficiency of the engine.
Recovery and Recycling of Cerium from Primary and Secondary Resources- a Critical Review
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2020
The catalytic converter mainly reduces the emission of harmful gases that are produced from the burning of fossil fuels, such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons. During the catalytic process, these gases are converted into nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and water (Bleiwas 2013). Instead such substances like carbon dioxide, water and nitrogen are emitted. They are considerably more environmentally friendly (Fornalczyk, Saternus and Willner 2014).
Experimental studies on emission reduction in a DI diesel engine by using a nano catalyst coated catalytic converter
Published in International Journal of Ambient Energy, 2022
J. Senthil Kumar, B. R. Ramesh Bapu, S. Sivasaravanan, M. Prabhu, S. Muthu Kumar, M. A. Abubacker
A catalytic converter is an exhaust emission control device that converts toxic gases and pollutants into exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine into less-toxic pollutants by catalysing a redox reaction (an oxidation and a reduction reaction). Catalytic converters are usually used with internal combustion engines fuelled by either gasoline or diesel including lean-burn engines as well as kerosene heaters and stoves.