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Oil and Gas Transportation
Published in Hussein K. Abdel-Aal, Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations, 2021
Pipelines along with pumps are needed as an efficient means of transporting crude oil, hydrocarbon products, natural gas, and other important fossil fuels, quickly, safely, and smoothly. Pipelines are pipes, usually underground, that transport and distribute fluids. When discussing pipelines in an energy context, the fluids are usually either oil, oil products, or natural gas. Petroleum pipelines transport crude oil or natural gas liquids, and there are three main types of petroleum pipelines involved in this process. Pipelines need to be constantly and reliably operated and monitored in order to ensure maximum operating efficiency, safe transportation, and minimal downtimes, and to maintain environmental and quality standards. Powerful pumps, on the other hand, are needed for oil transport of crude oil within the oil field and for the delivery of oil to terminal points.
IoT-Based Smart Pipeline Leakage Detecting System for Petroleum Industries
Published in G. Rajesh, X. Mercilin Raajini, Hien Dang, Industry 4.0 Interoperability, Analytics, Security, and Case Studies, 2021
A. Devi, M. Julie Therese, P. Dharani Devi, T. Ananth Kumar
The researchers analyzed that the external factors alone contribute to 35% of the total pipeline failure in pipelines in contrast to the other factors. The economic loss is much higher due to pipeline leakage incidents. Figure 10.1 shows the statistics of various sources of the pipeline. From these statistics, it is known that the pipeline failure cannot be avoided entirely due to various sources. In addition to product loss, pipeline leakages can cause high impacts on the environment and wildlife. In order to reduce impacts of a pipeline failure, it is necessary to monitor pipelines promptly or use an early prediction of pipeline leakages technique in order to take necessary action to stop the leakage problem in the pipeline. To achieve this, many companies are trying to adopt various methods or techniques during the oil and gas conveying process.
Introduction to Civil Engineering
Published in P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani, Practical Civil Engineering, 2021
P.K. Jayasree, K Balan, V Rani
Pipelines are constructed for the transportation of flowing goods like oil or water from one place to another through a pipe. Considering nearly 120 countries in the world, there is a total of about 3.5 million km of pipeline altogether.
Pipeline leak diagnosis based on leak-augmented scalograms and deep learning
Published in Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics, 2023
Muhammad Farooq Siddique, Zahoor Ahmad, Jong-Myon Kim
A leak in the pipeline can be caused by damage to the material’s structural integrity, fatigue rupture, stress cracks, corrosion cracks, and structural discontinuities, which disrupt the flow of fluids or gases. However, intramolecular interactions or chemical bonding of the fluid can help maintain a consistent flow. Thus, for the fluid to keep its flow consistent inside the pipeline the molecule of the fluid will exert pressure on the position of pipeline structural discontinuity or leak which will result in a short, rapid release of energy, in the form of an elastic wave. Acoustic Emission (AE) events are transient sound waves generated by changes in the material’s structural integrity. These waves can indicate potential leaks due to various forms of damage and can be detected by AE sensors.
Environmental and economic performance of a water distribution system through a lens of life cycle thinking: A case study of the City of Kelowna
Published in Sustainable and Resilient Infrastructure, 2023
Shah N. Khan, Haroon R. Mian, Kasun Hewage, Rehan Sadiq
The emissions in the installation phase are based on the fuel consumption of construction machinery on site. The fuel consumption is calculated based on two main variables: duration of operation and fuel economy. The operational time of construction machinery varies. In this study, the operational time is based on the volume of trenches and the productivity rate of construction equipment/job. Open-cut and trenchless technologies are two common methods for the installation of pipes. In the open-cut installation, the main activities include excavation, backfilling, and compaction of trenches. The most commonly used trenchless technology method to install a new pipeline is horizontal directional drilling (HDD) (Najafi, 2010). The equipment used for HDD operation includes a drill rig, fluid mud mixing system, and light- to medium-duty vehicles to mobilize equipment. The fuel economy and productivity rate of construction equipment/job are given in (Tables 2 and Table 3). The HDD productivity rates of 6, 12, and 18-inch pipes in common earth (sand, silt, and clay) are 480, 270, and 180 linear ft/day, respectively (RSMeans, 2018). The distance assumed for equipment mobilization is a round trip between the site and the rental warehouse, which is 21 km in this study.
Effects of correlation between the adjacent components on time dependent failure probability of corroded pipelines
Published in Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 2021
Mohsen Abyani, Mohammad Reza Bahaari
Surprisingly, the annual cost of corrosion damages on structures and infrastructures in USA, UK, Japan and Germany is greater than the annual cost of natural disasters such as storms, floods, hurricanes, earthquakes and fire (Thacker et al., 2010). Regarding structural design of infrastructures against destructive phenomena such as corrosion, there are always different sources of uncertainty involved in computing loads and capacities. Simply, the engineering design process has compensated for these uncertainties by the use of safety factors. Nevertheless, the variability of the existent uncertainties can be efficiently quantified utilizing reliability methods. In addition, implementation of a probability-based design code for infrastructures can result in a design with higher level of reliability and lower overall cost (Bai & Jin, 2015). More specifically, proper integrity management is a major priority of the operator companies to guarantee the safe operation of pipelines services, increase their productivity and reduce their financial and environmental damages. These considerations can be provided by using stochastic risk and reliability-based approaches(Xie & Tian, 2018). In such assessments, the assumption that the existing random variables are uncorrelated, can simplify the reliability calculations and the whole process. Nonetheless, the aforementioned premise may produce notable errors in the final results (Yang, Zhang, Zhang, & Huang, 2012).