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Blueprint Reading
Published in Frank R. Spellman, The Science of Wind Power, 2022
Pipe is used for conveying fluids (liquid and gases) and chemicals and for structural elements such as columns and handrails. The choice of the type of pipe is determined by the purpose for which it is to be used.
Characteristics of Wastewater and Drinking Water Industries
Published in Frank R. Spellman, Fundamentals of Public Utilities Management, 2020
Age is one factor that affects the life expectancy of pipes. A simple aging model, therefore, was developed to predict when pipes in these 20 cities would need to be replaced. It was assumed that the pipes installed before 1910 would last an average of 120 years; from 1911 to 1945, an average of 100 years; and after 1945, an average of 75 years. In estimating when the current inventory of pipes will be replaced, the model assumes that the actual life span of a pipe will be distributed normally around its expected average life—that is, pipes expected to last 75 years will last 50 to 100 years, those expected to last 100 years will last from 66 to 133 years, and those expected to last 120 years will last 80 to 160 years (AWWA 2001).
Knowledge Sharing and Reuse
Published in Jay Liebowitz, The Handbook of Applied Expert Systems, 2019
A pipe is a long, round, hollow object, usually made of metal or plastic, through which a liquid or gas flows. But, in a smoker context, a pipe is an object used for smoking tobacco. When two plumbers who are also smokers talk and say “give me the pipe,” they need to commit to which context they talking and, assuming a plumbing context, they need to know if they are talking about metal or plastic pipes. The same occurs when the plumber attends a course about new kinds of pipes; instructors and plumbers need to commit most of vocabulary and most of the meanings of those terms.
Influencing factors analysis for drinking water steel pipe pitting corrosion using artificial neural network
Published in Urban Water Journal, 2023
Kibum Kim, Heechang Kang, Taehyeon Kim, David Thomas Iseley, Jaeho Choi, Jayong Koo
Steel is a metal, and hence, corrosion occurs over time. The corrosion of metal or ferrous pipes can be defined as deterioration caused by chemical reactions with various substances in the surrounding environment or electrochemical reactions in a natural state. This can be divided into uniform corrosion, which occurs over the entire surface, and localized corrosion, which is concentrated in a specific surface area. Localized corrosion can be further categorized into galvanic corrosion, pitting corrosion, and crevice corrosion. Among these, pitting corrosion is the category that requires the most careful attention; it can cause structural defects because concentrated corrosion occurs at points on the pipe surface and penetrates the pipe body. Hence, when predicting pipe defects or planning maintenance, the maximum depth of pitting corrosion must be accurately measured (Seghier et al. 2020).
Parametric investigation of sand erosion rates in gas pipeline bends under typical industry conditions using simplified method
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2022
Edith Aliatu Sugri Waja, Foster Kwame Kholi, Grace Esu-Ejemot Aquah, Samuel Kofi Tulashie, Mark Amoah Nyasapoh
The inside diameter (ID) of the pipe is 0.1524 m and the length of the upstream section was selected to be at least twenty times the ID of the pipeline. This length-to-inner diameter ratio ensures a fully developed turbulent fluid flow before the bend; obviating the inflow and outflow boundary conditions (end effects) needed to guarantee the accuracy of the results (Chen, Mclaury, and Shirazi 2006). The fluid flowed through the straight section (3.1 m long), a normal bend section with r/D of 1.5, and then exited through a 5 m straight pipe section downstream which was adopted to prevent the reverse flow of fluid. These lengths made it possible to refine the mesh through a sensitivity analysis without seriously increasing the number of cells and hence the computational cost of the simulation. A velocity inlet and pressure outlet boundary conditions were imposed on the inlet and outlet sections of the pipeline respectively. The geometry was assumed to be smooth since pipe roughness is known to have little effect on erosion. The pipeline in this study was selected to be carbon steel because of its wide use in the oil and gas industry. Steel is also known to be corrosion resistant, and hence any material loss can reasonably be attributed to erosion, particularly sand particle erosion. The density of the steel was 7700 kg/m3 as used in the industry. Figure 1 depicts the pipeline geometry which is not drawn to scale.
The dynamic response of a pressurized, hot, flexible fluid-conveying marine pipeline
Published in Australian Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020
Pipes are primary vessels used for the transportation of fluids such as water in domestic water heating and cooling systems; chemicals and gases, in industries and power plants; sewage in the municipality; refrigerants, in air-conditioning and refrigeration; oil and gas, in the energy sector and lots more. These fluids are sometimes at elevated temperatures, i.e. above the atmospheric level and are transported using surface or buried pipes. In oil and gas installations, whether onshore or offshore, the pipes are used to carry either crude or products from one location to another. For design engineers, in the energy sector particularly; now that oil and gas exploration and production are in the ultra-deep offshore, the capability of the pipelines to withstand the prevailing operating conditions is a concern. They are subjected to both internal and external temperature fluctuations while repeated operational start-up and shut-down procedures trigger vibrations of these pipes and propagate internal waves. Within this context, a study of the transverse vibration and stability of such pipes was conducted, while the problems of undamped pinned-pinned, clamped-pinned and clamped-clamped pipe conveying fluid have also been solved numerically. A comprehensive review of the subject was, in fact, recently conducted (Ibrahim 2010).