China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
The convoluted history of sex determination in sport
Published in Cheryl Mallen, Emerging Technologies in Sport, 2019
Ian Ritchie, Lindsay Parks Pieper
Indeed, despite the resolute position of the IOC’s Medical Commission, challenges emerged immediately. A group of medical doctors from Denmark sent a letter to IOC President Brundage after the 1968 Winter Olympics, challenging him and the Medical Commission on sex determination practices. Doctors argued that sex is determined in complex ways by a variety of factors beyond chromosome type, including anatomy, psychology, social environment and others. They also argued that, ironically, relying on the Barr body test as a single determiner defeated the purpose of the test because it barred from competition females with “abnormalities” such as testicular feminization, or what would later be called Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS). AIS individuals are chromosomally XY but resistant to male hormones so they present with female physical characteristics but have no physical advantages over XX women. The Danish doctors summarized that the IOC’s reliance on the Barr body test was “irresponsible from [a] medical point of view, and unethical”. In what was a telling response, Brundage was dismissive of such claims and told Mérode “maybe the eye of a 25 year old would be better” if science could not determine sex conclusively. Mérode in fact met with the Danish doctors and admitted to their scientific accuracy, but continued testing because having some form of practical tool to determine “fairness” was for him more important than scientific or medical validity, a position with which Brundage agreed.26
Spine
Published in David A Lisle, Imaging for Students, 2012
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) accounts for 90 per cent of patients with scoliosis. The key clinical test for the diagnosis of AIS is the forward bend test. A positive forward bend test is indicated by convex bulging of the contour of the back on the side of the convexity of the spinal curve, due to rotation of the spine producing prominence of the posterior ribs on the convex side.
International Perspectives on Contaminated Land
Published in Donald L. Wise, Debra J. Trantolo, Edward J. Cichon, Hilary I. Inyang, Ulrich Stottmeister, Remediation Engineering of Contaminated Soils, 2000
Stephen C. James, Walter W. Kovalick
The registration of SCS, which is carried out by the Länder, is focused on the registration of AWDS and AIS. As a result of a nationwide survey in 1997, more than 190,000 SCS were registered, nearly 90,000 are AWDS, and more than 100,000 are AIS. The registration is not complete. The estimate is that more than 240,000 SCS will be registered in the future.
Identification of the most relevant intervertebral effort indicators during gait of adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Samadi B, Raison M, Achiche S, Fortin C
The true etiology and aggravation of the AIS mechanism remain unclear and are categorized widely as abnormalities at the genetic level, hormonal and central nervous system during growth (Asher and Burton 2006).Thus, controlling the progression of the scoliosis is the main challenge. It is well accepted that early clinical interventions help to control the progression of scoliosis and improve the functional performance of the AIS population in their daily motions (Negrini et al. 2018). Therefore, re-education of gait pattern is one of the therapeutic challenges in rehabilitation, as this movement is involved in the main daily activities.