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Introduction
Published in James Higgins, Al Mattes, William Stiebel, Brent Wootton, Eco-Engineered Bioreactors, 2017
James Higgins, Al Mattes, William Stiebel, Brent Wootton
Taxonomic studies (16S Analyses†) are a kind of microbial community genetic testing involving sampling a wastewater, sediment, soil, slime or sludge; extracting DNA from it; sequencing the microbes‡ in it from which the DNA came by PCR amplification of their V3–V4 regions using conserved primers; and determining the microbes from which the amplified DNA sequences came. These data are then analyzed, assigning the classifications present using information from the literature and/or curated databases. The result of taxonomic studies is the classification of the microbial communities found in a wastewater, soil or sludge at several levels: by kingdom, by phylum, by class, by order, by family, by genus and by species, the latter two of which are most germane. Figure 1.10 illustrates a classification at the kingdom level of results from the taxonomic study of a sample of sludge found coming out of piping for an airport stormwater collection system.§
Carbon Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications
Published in Kun Zhou, Carbon Nanomaterials, 2020
Hong Wu, Qianli Huang, Yanni Tan
DNA sensors are a special kind of sensors that have grown on the basis of mutual penetration of various disciplines such as biology, chemistry, physics, medicine, and electronics. It has strong specificity and has very high specific recognition ability between double strands of DNA molecules. The speed of analysis is fast, and the result can be obtained within 1 minute. The accuracy is high, and the error is extremely small. The operating system is relatively simple, and the automatic analysis is ordinary. When used continuously, the price is low. In particular, it is highly automated, miniaturized, and integrated. With the development of molecular biology, people are gradually aware that except for injuries, including infectious diseases, hereditary diseases, and malignant tumors, which are related to genes, it is important to apply DNA sensors for genetic testing. For example, hepatitis B is a kind of infectious disease caused by hepatitis B virus (HBV), which has rapid spread, long ambush period, and wide damage. The chronic asymptomatic HBV probationers or chronic asymptomatic HBV carriers in China are more than 120 million. If the self-assembled monomolecular membrane technique described previously is used, a ruthenium-based retouched probe is immobilized on the surface of a gold electrode to prepare a DNA electrochemical sensor, and an electroactive substance is used as a batching agent. A DNA sensor with good specificity, high sensitivity, and short response time can be obtained. It is more ideal to respond to HBV DNA in serum samples. In other words, DNA sensors can help us to detect whether a person has been proficient in chronic asymptomatic HBV or has carried the virus correctly, quickly, and with high quality. The principle of operation is shown in Figure 7.16.
Pharmacogenomics: Ethical, Social, and Public Policy Issues
Published in Shaker A. Mousa, Raj Bawa, Gerald F. Audette, The Road from Nanomedicine to Precision Medicine, 2020
DTC genetic testing (DTC-GT) claims to have placed genomics directly into the hands of consumers by allowing patients to easily obtain information about their genetic makeup, sometimes without having to even see a doctor, genetic counselor, or pharmacist. The type of DTC genetic tests being offered to the public varies from testing for lifestyle factors, nutrigenomics, ancestry, rare diseases, and susceptibility for common chronic diseases and includes pharmacogenetic testing for drug responses [18].
Study on the classification problem of the coping stances in the Satir model based on machine learning
Published in Journal of Experimental & Theoretical Artificial Intelligence, 2023
Xi Wang, Yu Zhao, Guangping Zeng, Peng Xiao, Zhiliang Wang
The interdisciplinary development between informational science and biomedical science continues to grow stronger over time. Machines are playing an increasingly important role in medical diagnosis. Machines encapsulate medical knowledge and work processes internally and present a human-friendly interface to the outside world. This has greatly reduced the burden on traditional doctors and the incidence of medical affairs. General practitioners, even those with a non-medical background, can take the place of traditional specialists. In addition, the popularisation of gene detection technology has greatly improved the informational level of human cognition. Through genetic testing, people can discover which kinds of diseases to which they are susceptible, so as to prevent or treat them in advance (Yanco et al., 2015).