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Toxic Responses of the Female Reproductive System
Published in Stephen K. Hall, Joana Chakraborty, Randall J. Ruch, Chemical Exposure and Toxic Responses, 2020
Joana Chakraborty, Maureen McCorquodale
When the blood sample arrives in the laboratory, the white cells are grown in culture and after three days are treated with a chemical which arrests cell division in a stage called metaphase where the chromosomes are most easily studied since the individual features are clearly observable with a microscope at this state. The cells are then burst open, the chromosomes are released on a microscope slide, stained, photographed, enlarged, cut out and then arranged into a specific pattern on a sheet of paper. The arrangement of the chromosomes is called a karyotype and is based on the size and shape of the chromosomes as well as on the specific pattern of bands found on each chromosome. A normal karyotype consists of 46 chromosomes in 23 pairs. The autosomes (nonsex chromosomes) are numbered 1 to 22, and the sex chromosomes consist of two X chromosomes for a female and an X and Y chromosome for a male (Figures 12.3 and 12.4).
Glossary of scientific and technical terms in bioengineering and biological engineering
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Scientific and Technical Terms in Bioengineering and Biological Engineering, 2018
Karyotype is a picture of an individual’s chromosomes as seen under a microscope. The chromosomes can be identified by their unique banding patterns and arranged in order of size (1 is the largest and 22 is the smallest). The karyotype is a test to look for major changes in the chromosomes, such as a change in the number or the structure.
Toward Human Chromosome Knowledge Engine
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2022
Maiqi Wang, Yi Lai, Minghui Li, Haoxi Zhang, Edward Szczerbicki
Chromosome classification plays a critical role in karyotype analysis. Human chromosomes are the carriers of human genetic materials and genes, and karyotype analysis is an important technique to identify genetic abnormalities through chromosome metaphase images. Karyotype analysis is carried out by preparing karyotype images through segmenting metaphase images and then classifying and organizing chromosome instances into 23 pairs, including 22 pairs of autosomes and a pair of sex chromosomes (XY for males and XX for females) and sending the prepared karyotype images to experts for final analysis (Piper and Granum 1989).
Counting human chromosomes before 1960: preconceptions, perceptions and predilections
Published in Annals of Science, 2021
The identification of the normal human chromosome complement prompted several clinicians to investigate the possible connection between abnormal chromosomes and human disease. Within three years, specific karyotypic anomalies had been confirmed in Down, Klinefelter and Turner syndromes. These genetic disorders now became standardised with specific diagnostic tools.16 For the first time, scientists could view the entire composite genome of a specific person, whether clinically normal or abnormal.17