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Fossil Fuels
Published in Robert Ehrlich, Harold A. Geller, John R. Cressman, Renewable Energy, 2023
Robert Ehrlich, Harold A. Geller, John R. Cressman
Generally, crude oil and natural gas need to be processed or refined before they are useful. Refineries are sprawling extremely complex chemical plants with miles of piping connecting various processing units. Natural gas processing is designed to clean raw natural gas by separating impurities and various nonmethane hydrocarbons so as to produce pipeline-quality dry natural gas, but the complex processes will not be described here. Oil refineries can typically process several hundred thousand barrels of crude oil per day and usually operate on a continuous process, rather than in batches. The basic process in an oil refinery involves separating out the various useful components of crude oil according to their degree of volatility through a process known as fractional distillation. The different useful components of crude oil include many components including, among others, gasoline, kerosene, diesel oil, fuel oil, lubricating oil, wax, and asphalt. Each of the crude oil components consists of many different molecules whose structure give the substance its desirable properties, which may make it suitable as a fuel, lubricant, tar, or feedstock for producing petrochemicals, among other purposes. Unlike a pure substance consisting of a single molecule with a single boiling point, the distillates of crude oil are each defined in terms of a range of boiling points. Thus, kerosene is that distillate whose boiling point lies in the interval of 150°C–200°C. The fractional distillation process in cartoon version is shown in Figure 2.15.
Petroleum Operations
Published in Jay Gohil, Manan Shah, Application of Big Data in Petroleum Streams, 2022
In order to understand the role of big data in petroleum refinery, it is vital to first understand about its operations briefly. A major part of entire downstream segment is the petrochemical refining of raw crude oil, which is a mixture of thousands of different hydrocarbons (where each component has its own weight, density, size, texture and importantly, boiling temperature). In a refinery, these components can be separated through various processes and methods (such as careful application of heat to capture various parts (called fractions) within certain boiling ranges, also termed as distillation).
Crude Oil
Published in Anco S. Blazev, Energy Security for The 21st Century, 2021
In more practical terms, the refinery produces are liquefied petroleum gas, gasoline, naphtha, kerosene, jet aircraft fuel mixes, diesel fuel, fuel oils, lubricating oils, paraffin wax, asphalt and tar, petroleum coke, and sulfur. A number of gasses, like propane and others, are also produced.
Exergy cost accounting thermoeconomic analysis of an oil refinery operating at off-design conditions
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Morteza Khosravirad, Amir Heydarinasab, Fatemeh Joda, Seyed Abolhassan Alavi
An oil refinery, with a capacity of 250,000 barrels per day is considered in this study. Figure 2 shows the main streams in and out of the refinery. As shown, the refinery products are LPG, gasoline, jet fuel, ATK1 solvent, kerosene, diesel, fuel oil, lube cut, and asphalt. The main units of the refinery are: CDU, VDU, Kerosene treating (Desulfurization) unit, Isomerization unit, Visbreaker unit, Naphta unifier & Platformer Unit (CRU), LPG treating, Isomax Reactor (Hydrocracking Process) unit, Hydrogen plant unit, Nitrogen generation unit, H2S removal-sulfur recover unit, blending units (which are Gasoline blending, Jet fuel blending, Kerosene blending, Diesel blending, and fuel oil blending unit), and Utility generator unit. Additional refinery information is provided in the supplementary file.
Effect of chemical dispersion on distribution of distillates cuts in various crude oil samples
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2023
Imtiaz Ahmad, Waqas Ahmad, Syed Mohammad Sohail, Aftab Yasin
The demand for energy is rapidly increasing because of heavy reliance of the society on the energy resources worldwide. Among the fossil fuels, petroleum has been the choice of the energy sector owing to its vast reserves, easy transportation, cost effective processing & refining and minimum environmental pollution. In refinery, the crude oil is subjected to distillation (fractional distillation) to convert it into marketable products like gasoline, kerosene diesel fuel oils, etc. However, the yields of the distillate products are poor, and a significant amount of the residual crude oil is rejected. The residue is reported to be enriched in giant molecules including asphaltenes and resins (Alshareef et al. 2011; Speight 2014; Zhao, Becerra, and Shaw 2009; Joshi et al. 2008; Sheremata et al. 2004). These components, called the heavy petroleum components, even when present in low concentrations, being responsible for major losses in all stages of oil production, increase the viscosity of the fractions submitted to distillation, contribute to coke formation, and cause the catalysts used in refining processes to deactivate (Silva et al. 2013; Trejo, Centeno, and Ancheyta 2004; Juárez and Ancheyta 2016).
Oxidation/extraction desulfurization with carboxylic acid-based deep eutectic solvents
Published in Petroleum Science and Technology, 2022
The common method for the removal of sulfur compounds in refinery processes is hydrogen desulfurization (HDS). This method faces challenges such as harsh operating conditions (high pressure and high temperature) and low efficiency for the removal of aromatic sulfur compounds such as dibenzothiophene (DBT) (Liu et al. 2016). In recent years, alternative methods like bio-desulfurization (BDS), adsorption desulfurization (AD), extractive desulfurization (EDS), and oxidative desulfurization (ODS) have been developed (Jiang, Dong, et al. 2017; Ibrahim et al. 2017). Among these methods, ODS is considered as one of the most promising techniques due to its advantages, such as mild reaction conditions and reasonable desulfurization amount in the absence of hydrogen. In the ODS process, sulfur compounds are easily oxidized to their corresponding sulfones, which can be removed by extraction or adsorption (Shi et al. 2015).