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Hydro Power
Published in Sergio C. Capareda, Introduction to Renewable Energy Conversions, 2019
Hydro power is the renewable energy source that produces the most electricity in the United States. Power from water accounted for 6% of the total U.S. electricity generation and 60% of power generated from renewables in 2010. This supplies 28 million households with an electricity equivalent to nearly 500 million barrels of oil. One barrel of oil is equivalent to 42 U.S. gallons [159.0 liters]. The United States consumes around 18.8 million barrels of crude oil per day (EIA, 2018).
Introduction: Transport Revolutions Ahead
Published in Richard Gilbert, Anthony Perl, Transport Revolutions, 2018
The only non-metric measure we use often is “barrel,” because in Chapter 3 in particular we say much about oil production and consumption and so many of the available data are in barrels. A barrel is about 159 liters, or 42 US gallons.
Comparative analysis of carbon footprint of various CO2-enhanced oil recovery methods: A short experimental study
Published in Chemical Engineering Communications, 2023
Krishna Raghav Chaturvedi, Tushar Sharma
Conventionally, crude oil is a mixture of somewhat volatile liquid hydrocarbons (compounds mostly composed of hydrogen and carbon), as well as some nitrogen, sulfur, and oxygen. These elements form a wide range of complex molecular structures, some of which are difficult to identify and have an adverse effect on the injected chemical additives (Schramm and Novosad 1990; Seyyedsar et al. 2016). Hence, in this study, the focus has only remained on the gas footprint of crude oil obtained after its combustion (ignoring the particulate and volatile organic matter also released or low Cn compounds produced during combustion). Initially, the crude oil, which was obtained from an oilfield in India was burned inside a controlled combustion chamber and the effluent gas was characterized using Gas Chromatography after dehydration and desulphurization (to prevent equipment corrosion). The observations of the gas chromatography have been presented in Figure 2 where it can be observed that the effluent gas contained approximately 76 mole% CO2, 12 mole% O2, and 10 mole% N2. To estimate the carbon footprint of the crude oil, the following methodology was utilized. While the CO2 emission of crude oil depends on the type of crude being combusted, but in this study, it is assumed that one molecule of crude oil contains 20 carbon and 42 hydrogen atoms. Thus, the percentage of carbon is 91.6% (given that C has an atomic no. of 12 and H has an atomic no. of 1). Conventionally, a barrel of crude of 30°API has 159 L × 0.88 (Density of crude oil) = 139.3 Kg.