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Petroleum Operations
Published in Jay Gohil, Manan Shah, Application of Big Data in Petroleum Streams, 2022
Moving forward, in order to understand the role of big data in natural gas, it is vital to first briefly understand about its refining process. A major part of entire downstream segment is the petrochemical refining of raw hydrocarbons which eventually give natural gas. In a refinery, the gas components (like liquid components) can be separated through various processes and methods (such as careful application of heat to capture various parts (called fractions) within certain boiling ranges, also termed as distillation). As stated earlier, the refining operation(s) are categorized into three main types – light, medium and heavy products. In the same, the lightest parts (such methane, propane and butane) are refined on the top of distillation column.
Crude Oil Refining—Part 2
Published in Hussein K. Abdel-Aal, Economic Analysis of Oil and Gas Engineering Operations, 2021
Currently, the refining industry faces several challenges related to increasing demand for transportation fuels, stringent specifications of these products, crude oil availability, reduction of carbon emissions, and renewable fuels.
Gibbs energy applications to metal production
Published in W. John Rankin, Chemical Thermodynamics, 2019
We can now draw the above theory together to give a thermodynamic basis for metal production. For this purpose, metals can be divided into three classes: The reactive metals, the noble (inert) metals and those in between (see Figure 11.8). The compounds of the reactive metals are the most stable and the most difficult to reduce. Usually, the production of a metal includes refining steps, in addition to reduction, to remove unwanted impurities in gangue minerals or in the crystal structure of the ore mineral. In broad terms, either the concentrate or ore is treated chemically to produce a pure compound which is then reduced to a pure metal, or the concentrate is treated chemically to produce an impure metal which, if necessary, is then refined to the required purity. The two approaches are illustrated in Figure 11.9. The refine–reduce sequence is most commonly used for the production of highly reactive metals, and the reduce–refine sequence is mainly used for less reactive metals. The reason for this is that an impure form of a reactive metal is difficult to refine using relatively simple oxidation reactions since the host metal, being more reactive than most of the impurity elements, oxidises preferentially. Hence, it is usually preferable to remove most impurities before the metal is reduced.
Experimental study of paper drying with direct-contact ultrasound mechanism
Published in Drying Technology, 2023
Zahra Noori O’Connor, Jamal S. Yagoobi, Burt S. Tilley
The tensile strength measurements revealed that moisture content does not show much influence on the tensile strength of the dried samples within the range of the parameters considered in this study. The stress-strain curves for the samples at 100% DBMC and for the center points are illustrated in Figure 14 and Table 4 summarizes the results. In general, the refined pulps have a higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) compared to that of unrefined pulps. According to Motamedian et al.,[26] refining is a common procedure in paper making industry to improve the mechanical properties of the final product. In addition, the tensile strength is affected by the sample basis weight and thickness. The hand-sheet with a higher thickness has a lower strength because of the stress gradients in the thickness direction. Hagglund et al.[27] proposed a linear elastic 2 D finite element analysis to model the stress field under the jaws. The model proposes that the clamping condition during the test results in higher stresses at the surface and lower stresses in the middle of the sheet. Batchelor et al.[28] showed that the level of stress concentration highly depends on the thickness and the grammage of the paper samples. As a result of the stress gradients in the thickness direction, increasing thickness and grammage reduces the strength of the sample. Furthermore, the tensile strength for the center points is between the tensile strengths for refined and unrefined samples.
Evaluating the feasibility of air environment management system for VOCs through ‘VOCs specification’ of petroleum refining industry
Published in Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2023
Min-Gyu Kim, Jeong Hun Kim, Seok J. Yoon, Sung Hwan Cho, Jeong Ung Yu, Cheon Woong Kang, Kyong Whan Moon, Hyo Eun Lee
Crude oil is a collection of many types of hydrocarbon compounds, and usually contains 82.1%–87.1% carbon, 11.7%–14.7% hydrogen, 0.5%–3% sulfur, 0.01%–0.1% oxygen, and 0.1%–1.0% nitrogen. In addition, metallic elements such as vanadium are present in trace amounts. The boiling temperature of crude oil components varies over a wide range. Petroleum refining refers to the distillation of crude oil to manufacture various petroleum and semi-finished products. Hydrocarbons are the main components of crude oil, and differences in the shape or size of hydrocarbon molecules, affect the properties of these chemical substances. Crude oil is distilled to obtain various types of hydrocarbons such as methane, propane, and benzene. Distillation utilizes the different boiling points of hydrocarbons to separate and extract products such as the gasoline, kerosene, and diesel from crude oil. The processes conducted at a petroleum refining facility can be classified as follows (Kim et al. 2011).
Sustainability of rare earth elements chain: from production to food – a review
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2018
Mining is a physical process of removing the ores from the ground which are disruptive to the environment (Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2016) with destabilize/deteriorate soil and water ecosystems (Dutta et al. 2016). The refining process introduces another set of environmental concerns, mostly revolving around the products` metal release into the environment. The disposal of the product from REE mining is usually waste (Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2016).