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The Original North American Petroleumscape
Published in Carola Hein, Oil Spaces, 2021
Oil production spread to Texas, Oklahoma, and California while fossil fuels and petroleum products became more pervasive aspects of modern industry and life. The initial discoveries in East Texas at the start of the twentieth century produced vast quantities of crude oil and natural gas. Not much of the East Texas oil was of the quality needed for kerosene, still petroleum’s main use. But it was good enough to power the oil-fired engines increasingly adopted by railroads and steamship companies. The adoption of oil power by industries ranging from brickyards to breweries accelerated the emergence of industrial sectors in cities such as Houston and Los Angeles. Likewise, oil furnaces began to replace coal in household heating. This was apart from the massive new demand for gasoline. Initially an unwanted by-product of refining for kerosene, gasoline became valuable by the early 1900s, when the internal combustion engine outpaced steam and electricity as motive power for automobiles. Over the next two decades, innovations in refining and in processing made gasoline an increasingly important part of the oil industry, even as the spread of electric lighting reduced demand for kerosene.15
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)
Published in S. Can Gülen, Gas Turbine Combined Cycle Power Plants, 2019
Number 2 or distillate fuel oil is a standard backup fuel with high sulfur content. During distillate fuel oil-fired operation, water is injected into the combustor for NOx control. This increases the H2O content in the exhaust gas and pushes the water dew point upwards. LP economizer tube metal temperature to accommodate this rise can be achieved via increased recirculation. Typically, the rule of thumb is to limit the total economizer feedwater flow rate to 200% of the design flow rate to prevent high-velocity, high-pressure drop operation, which can accelerate tube erosion. Thus, a common way to control the tube temperature in distillate fuel oil-fired operation is to bypass the LP economizer (with or without recirculation). In complete LP economizer bypass, pegging of the LP drum with IP or HP steam can be used to keep the LP evaporators above the sulfuric acid dew point. Consequently, in distillate fuel oil-fired operation, HRSG stack temperature is well above 200°F.
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Published in William C. Dickinson, Paul N. Cheremisinoff, Solar Energy Technology Handbook, 2018
The present status of wind energy is rapidly changing. The largest national program is in the United States. A test unit with a two-blade propeller sweeping a 38-m-diameter circle has been erected, and operated sporadically since late 1975. Three more units of the same size, driving 200-kW generators, have been installed in parallel with existing diesel generating sets of electric utility lines serving isolated communities. A fourth unit of the same type has been installed (1980) in parallel with oil-fired steam turbine generators. The locations of these four units; designated MOD-O-A, are, in chronological order of installation, Clayton, New Mexico; Culebra, Puerto Rico; Block Island, Rhode Island; Oahu, Hawaii. A larger machine MOD-1, also a two-blade propeller, 60-m-diameter swept circle, 2000-kW generator, has been installed (1979) at Boone, North Carolina.
Identification of criteria for the selection of buildings with elevated energy saving potentials from hydraulic balancing-methodology and case study
Published in Advances in Building Energy Research, 2022
Haein Cho, Daniel Cabrera, Martin K. Patel
This study investigates 49 multifamily buildings containing 656 flats that were constructed before 2015 in Geneva. The buildings use natural gas-based or fuel-oil fired boilers for which the hydronic system has not been balanced yet. Buildings that share one central boiler are grouped which resulted in 13 groups.1 We collect hourly indoor temperature for all flats and annual final energy consumption for heating for all buildings between 2016 and 2018 from the local database.2 Extreme outliers are excluded by considering only the values falling between the 5th and 95th percentile. We correlate standard deviation and mean indoor temperature against annual final energy consumption for heating for each group. We then test the extent to which diverse variables explain variability of indoor temperature across flats.
Life-cycle assessment-based comparison of different lignocellulosic ethanol production routes
Published in Biofuels, 2022
Govind Murali, Yogendra Shastri
The energy for the process is assumed to be provided by high pressure (HP) steam, which is produced in a boiler using LSHS as the boiler fuel. LSHS is a very specific residual fuel oil derived from indigenous crude oil after vacuum distillation. It has similar properties to regular residual fuel oil, differing only in the sulfur content (with LSHS having lower sulfur content as compared to residual oil). Emission standards from residual fuel oil-fired boilers are taken from a report by the Eastern Research Group [34]. The emission standards for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide are taken from the US EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) [35]. Based on the product specifications given by Bharat Petroleum Corporation Limited (BPCL) for LSHS (https://www.bharatpetroleum.com/images/files/MR_LSHS.pdf), the emissions per gram of fuel used are calculated and given in Table 6. The inventory for electricity production is taken from the Ecoinvent database for the Indian scenario (high-voltage energy mix).
Market Basis for Salt-Cooled Reactors: Dispatchable Heat, Hydrogen, and Electricity with Assured Peak Power Capacity
Published in Nuclear Technology, 2020
Thermodynamic topping cycles are not a new concept. The Indian Point Unit I NPP in the United States was a pressurized water reactor that produced saturated steam that was then superheated with an oil-fired superheater before the steam went to the steam turbine. When that plant was built, it had the highest incremental heat-to-electricity efficiency of any oil-fired system. The lower-temperature heat was provided by nuclear heat, and the higher-temperature heat was provided by oil. This has large economic implications in systems that include existing natural gas–fired GTCCs. If a NACC system coupled to a nuclear reactor is added, it is the first “natural gas plant (NACC peaking mode)” to come on-line and the last to go off-line because it burns natural gas much more efficiently than conventional GTCC systems. In a low-carbon system where low-carbon biofuels or hydrogen are the combustible fuels, it becomes the preferred technology to burn these fuels for peak power.