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Nanotechnology in Medicine: Drug Delivery Systems
Published in Raj K. Keservani, Anil K. Sharma, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Drug Delivery Approaches and Nanosystems, 2017
Elena Campano-Cuevas, Ana Mora-Boza, Gabriel Castillo-Dalí, AgustíN. RodríGuez-Gonzalez-Elipe, MaríA-Angeles Serrera-Figallo, Barranco Angel, Daniel Torres-Lagares
During the last two decades, nanoparticle drug delivery systems have been studied for cancer therapy. Some of them have already been approved by US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for their administration to patients and others are still being investigated in preclinic studies (Conde et al., 2012). The main advantages of using nanoparticular targeted drug delivery systems is their high specificity against tumor cells that reduces considerably toxic side effects of chemotherapy agents (e.g., nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc.). In addition, they also allow reducing the amount of administered drug because its confinement in the nanocarrier improves the drug stability by reducing its degradation, which also contributes to reduce toxic effects in health tissues (Biswas and Torchilin, 2014). The drug delivery systems for anticancer applications are diverse: liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, micelles, dendrimers, inorganic/metallic nanoparticles or bacterial nanoparticles, among othersm (Alexis, 2010; Biswas and Torchilin, 2014).
Advances of nanotechnology in cancer therapy
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani, Nanobiomaterials, 2018
Urmila Jarouliya, Raj K. Kesharwani, Rajesh K. Kesharwani
There is numerous hurdles faced in developing cancer-specific imaging agents, such as (i) delivery of the probe to the targeted tissue/tumor, (ii) biocompatibility and toxicity, (iii) stability of the probe and effective signal enhancement (iv) adequate imaging methods and strategies. During chemotherapy, pharmacologically active cancer drugs reach the tumor tissue with poor specificity and induce dose-limiting toxicities. Nanoparticle drug delivery may provide a more efficient, less harmful solution to overcome these problems.
Nanodevices for the Detection of Cancer Cells
Published in Suvardhan Kanchi, Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Mashallah Rezakazemi, Smart Nanodevices for Point-of-Care Applications, 2022
The use of new agents in cancer therapy has significantly enriched patient survival, however, there are still various biological barriers that may alienate drug delivery to target cells and tissues, viz. unfavorable blood half-life and physiologic behavior with high off-target effects as well as effective clearance from the human organism [77–79]. Likewise, in cancer, there is a small subset of cancer cells – cancer stem cells (CSC) – that, like normal stem cells, can self-renew, contribute to rising heterogeneous populations of daughter cells and also proliferate widely [80]. Moreover, standard chemotherapy is directed against quickly dividing cells, the bulk of non-stem cells of a tumor, and thereby CSC frequently seems to be relatively refractory to those agents. The expansion of side effects in normal tissues (e.g., nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, etc.) and multidrug resistance (MDR) mechanisms by cancer cells leads to a decrease in drug concentration at the target location, a deprived accumulation in the tumor with a subsequent decrease in efficacy which might be linked to patient deterioration [81–86]. In order to overcome such types of issues and still progress the efficiency of chemotherapeutic agents as less toxic and more target-specific therapies toward cancer cells are in great demand, i.e., novel drugs, drug delivery systems (DDSs) and also gene delivery systems. Several new medications have been developed to efficiently treat complicated conditions, while at the same time a few of them produce severe side effects in which the benefit does not always outweigh the risk. In contrast, a few drugs have been confirmed to be highly effective in vitro, however, cannot endure the endogenous enzymes found within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (if taken orally), rendering them nearly insignificant in vivo. Even though improbable progress has been made to identify drug targets, as well as designing and making a better drug molecule, there is still room to improve the drug delivery systems and also targeting. In the past few decades, nanotechnology, especially the manufacturing of nanoparticles, has found extraordinary attention in broad areas of science. The application of nanoparticles has reformed how drugs are formulated as well as delivered. Nanotechnology is known as a multidisciplinary scientific field spanning engineering and manufacturing principles at the molecular level. By means of the application of nanotechnology to medicine, nanoparticles have been created to mimic or modify biological processes. Nanoparticles are also called solid, colloidal particles whose size ranges from 10 nm to <1,000 nm; though, for nanomedical application, the preferential size is less than 200 nm. As one of the highly significant areas of study has been in the construction of nanoparticle drug delivery systems [87].
Polyelectrolytic gelatin nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for the promastigote form of Leishmania amazonensis treatment
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2021
Catarina de Souza, Janicy A. Carvalho, Alexandro S. Abreu, Lucas P. de Paiva, Jéssica A. R. Ambrósio, Milton Beltrame Junior, Marco A. de Oliveira, Josane Mittmann, Andreza R. Simioni
Developments in nanotechnology, in the recent years, provide new approaches in treatment of leishmaniasis. Nanotechnology produces two procedures in treatment of this infection. First is the design of nano-drug delivery systems for common and conventional drugs. This method has received notable attention in the field of drug development and presents one of the most hopeful antileishmanial therapies due to enhanced pharmacokinetic properties [54]. The main goal of the recent studies is to design a new nanoparticle drug delivery system, based on particle size, the most successful controlled release of the active agents in order to achieve the target specific action of the drug at the therapeutically optimal dose [20,55,56]. Novel nano scale delivery system, such as functionalized gelatin nanoparticles, with effective therapeutics and specific target sites can evolve as an effective strategy in treatment of leishmaniasis.
Study of nanoparticle as a drug carrier through stenosed arteries using Bernstein polynomials
Published in International Journal for Computational Methods in Engineering Science and Mechanics, 2020
Avipsita Chatterjee, Satyasaran Changdar, Soumen De
We have described the effect of magnetic parameter M and nanoparticle volume fraction on pressure gradient profile in the stenosed artery in Figure 3a–d. It is revealed from the figures that pressure gradient is increased with the stenosis height as it is reduced the arterial radius. It is also found that the pressure gradient is increased because of the increased resistance to flow in stenotic region. It is noticed that the pressure gradient is increased with very small increase of volume fraction. As height of stenosis grows, it puts pressure on nearby structures and may eventually rupture the weak artery. This result will may help in future for the understanding the development of nanoparticle drug delivery system. It is also found from the plot that influence of magnetic field reduces the pressure gradient.
Keratin-dopamine conjugate nanoparticles as pH/GSH dual responsive drug carriers
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2020
Xiao Han, Lijuan Wang, Jinsong Du, Jie Dou, Jiang Yuan, Jian Shen
Malignant tumor has seriously affected human health due to its high mortality and increasing morbidity. For the past few years, nanoparticle drug delivery system (NDDS) has been well developed for tumor therapy [1–4]. NDDS with a particle size of 10 ∼ 500 nm can achieve drug carrier accumulation in tumors through enhanced permeation retention effects (EPR) [5]. The preparation of NDDS needs a complex process, which is urgent to be simplified. Furthermore, stimuli-responsive, especially acid- and reduction-responsive NDDS has aroused extensive attention due to the low toxicity and side effects on normal tissue [6].