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Nanoparticles Carrying Biological Molecules
Published in Klaus D. Sattler, st Century Nanoscience – A Handbook, 2020
Suryani Saallah, Wuled Lenggoro
Research on the preparation of NP–biomolecule conjugates has grown considerably over the past decade, but the definite understanding of the interaction between NPs and biomolecules is far from mature (Stephanopoulos and Francis, 2011). Furthermore, numerous conjugation strategies have been developed that mainly depend on the classical chemistries associated with biomolecule labeling. While these strategies are adequate for proof-of-concept studies, the development of NP–biomolecule conjugates for real applications necessitate optimization and much greater control than these chemistries can offer (Algar et al., 2011). In a simplified view, the selected conjugation strategies should be able to tackle important issues associated with NP–biomolecule interactions including minimizing nonspecific interactions, eliminating undesirable side effects, and improving reproducibility.
Nanocarrier-Mediated Therapeutic Protein Delivery
Published in Bhupinder Singh, Rodney J. Y. Ho, Jagat R. Kanwar, NanoBioMaterials, 2018
Akhlesh Kumar Jain, Teenu Sharma, Sunil Kumar Jain
To addresses all these issues, noteworthy attempts have been made to encapsulate proteins/peptides in nanocapsules, hydrogels, micellar systems, microemulsions, nanoliposomes, niosomes, bioadhesive carriers and stealth NPs. Further, the conjugation of these carriers by specific ligands has been utilized in order to deliver protein therapeutics into the target organs in their active form. The critical factors considered during synthesizing nanocarriers in order to fulfil the specific objectives include management of the particle size, surface characteristics and effective delivery without degradation. Hence, characterization of these nanocarriers is a very critical issue to control their desired behavior in vitro as well as in vivo. Verily, stability aspects of these bioactives into the carrier system(s) are one of the major concerns during their successful delivery.
Biomaterials and Manufacturing Methods for Scaffolds in regenerative Medicine: Update 2015
Published in Gilson Khang, Handbook of Intelligent Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, 2017
Conjugation of cytokine with an inert carrier prolongs the short half-life of protein molecules. Inert carriers are albumin, gelatin, dextran, and PEG. Especially, PEGylation, which means PEG-conjugated cytokine, is most widely used for the release. It appears to decrease the rate of cytokine degradation, attenuate the immunological response, and reduce clearance by the kidneys. Also, the PEGylated cytokine can be impregnated into scaffold materials by physical entrapment for sustained release. This conjugation method can be applied to the delivery of proteins and peptides. Immobilized Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) and tyrosin-leucine-glycine-serine-arginine (YIGSR), which are typical ECM proteins, onto the biomaterials can enhance cell viability, function, and recombinant products in cell.
αAu2S nanoparticles: Fungal-mediated synthesis, structural characterization and bioassay
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2022
Asad Syed, Marzouq H. Al Saedi, Ali H. Bahkali, Abdallah M. Elgorgan, Mahesh Kharat, Kalpana Pai, John Pichtel, Absar Ahmad
FTIR analysis was carried out to determine the possibility of fungal secretions with functional groups of bioactive molecules that facilitated the reduction of gold ions and stabilization of Au2S NPs from the fungus Humicola sp. The nanoparticles were further analyzed to confirm the protein layer on the particle surfaces. The FTIR spectrum depicts the amide I and amide II signature at 1650 and 1544 cm−1, respectively [36], and 3240 cm−1 corresponds to the hydroxide (−OH) [46,47] stretching vibration. The OH− or NH− may include alcohols, phenols, carbohydrates, or proteins that play a key role in bio-based synthesis of Au2S NPs. This possibly suggests that protein coincides with the Au2S NPs. The small band around 2900 cm−1 represents the CH− stretching of phenol aromatic group. Au2S NPs solutions displayed a band at around 1000–1100 cm−1 that attributes to the CN− stretching vibrations of aliphatic amines. This existence of amide links that could gather the amino acid residue of the protein, including tryptophan/tyrosine is liable for the conceivable stabilization of the bio-based synthesized Au2S NPs [48, 49]. The protein layer on NPs provides a water-dispersible nature and stability against particle aggregation. It can be beneficial in conjugation with protein, DNA, peptide, and chemotherapeutic drug applications. The vigorous protein- and enzyme-secreting ability of microbes ensures NP coating with protein, enhanced NP production, and prevention of NP agglomeration [50, 51].
Recent advances of polymer based nanosystems in cancer management
Published in Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition, 2023
Chetan Janrao, Shivani Khopade, Akshay Bavaskar, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Tejas Girish Agnihotri, Aakanchha Jain
Polymer-based nanosystems have made great progress in cancer care in recent years because to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, tailorability, and cheap cost. The various categories of polymer-based nanosystems outlined in this study, with a specific focus on synthetic polymers used in cancer care. Polymer-based nanosystems of different kinds are being developed to minimize drug loss and degradation, boost bioavailability, and reduce negative effects by limiting off-target therapeutic administration [337]. In this current age of therapy, the polymeric nano-carrier system plays an essential role; these nanocarriers are efficiently used in treating complicated diseases such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, and so on. While various biochemically diverse drugs are utilized simultaneously in the present age of treatments, the patient should be exposed to as little danger as possible during their intake. As a result, developing a physiologically suitable drug nanocarrier technology that efficiently transports drug to diseased tissues while ensuring exact release is critical. The biotransformation pathway of polymer-based nanosystems in vivo is currently unclear, and further study is needed to address this issue. To address the constraints and limits of polymer-based nanosystems, appropriate alternative solutions must be addressed. The conjugation technique to polymers has been shown to be successful for drug delivery at the intended location and lowers off-targeted distribution of therapeutic agents, and this approach may be useful in the future in building innovative polymer-based nanosystems. Overall, this study provides a thorough examination of several kinds of synthetic polymer-based nanosystems and their applications in cancer therapy. As a consequence, it is simpler for researchers to develop innovative polymer-based nanosystems and broaden their biological applications.
The efficiency of PCL/HAp electrospun nanofibers in bone regeneration: a review
Published in Journal of Medical Engineering & Technology, 2021
Behnaz Banimohamad-Shotorbani, Azizeh Rahmani Del Bakhshayesh, Ahmad Mehdipour, Seyedhosein Jarolmasjed, Hajar Shafaei
Finally, another method used to modify the surface of nanofibers is the surface functionalisation. In this method, functional groups are produced at the nanofibers surface, which is ultimately bonded to bioactive factors influencing bone regeneration [99,100]. Because in this method, the immobilised compounds on the surface are bonded through a covalent bond, and it is tough to break them, it is considered as a potential method for the delivery of molecules [99,101]. The most common method used for chemical conjugation is the EDC/NHS coupling, in which the active carboxyl groups are first formed and then changed to an amine-reactive sulfo-NHS ester, which can create an amide bond with biological molecules such as growth factors, different proteins of ECM, and peptides [102–105]. In this regard, a study conducted for bone tissue engineering has shown that the surface of nanofibers can be functionalised with ECM collagen through this method [106]. In addition to the EDC/NHS coupling method, a dopamine solution has recently been used to improve the surface of nanofibers [47,107]. For example, in a study performed for bone regeneration, PCL nanofibers were coated with pDA, it was observed that BMP-7-derived peptides, which improve cell adhesion and proliferation, could be covalently immobilised onto their surface [47]. Besides, in another study for bone, surface functionalisation through dopamine solution was used as an intermediate to combine the PCL nanofibers nHAp [107]. Researchers in this study used dopamine as an effective bio-adhesive agent. In short, both PCL nanofiber, and nHAp were coated with dopamine to form PCL-pDA, and pDHAp (pDA-nHA) (Figure 4). pDHAp was then placed on PCL-pDA to create PCL-pDHAp following a spontaneous polymerisation. It is observed that in the nanofiber membrane improved through bioinspired surface modification, nHAp is placed so firmly on the nanofiber surface that even after several washes with deionised water, it remains on the surface as an advantage [107]. Besides, Su et al. created 3D HAp structures based on biaxially orientated PCL nanofibers conjugated with BMP2, which can be useful in tissue engineering, gene transfer, and drug delivery. They found that nanofiber –BMP2 hybrid structure strongly affected the nucleation and formation process of HAp crystals [21].