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New Insights into Horizontal Gene Transfer among Bacterial Pathogens to Acquire Antibiotic Resistance and Culture-Independent Techniques to Study ARG Dissemination
Published in Vineet Kumar, Vinod Kumar Garg, Sunil Kumar, Jayanta Kumar Biswas, Omics for Environmental Engineering and Microbiology Systems, 2023
Transduction is the transfer of genetic material among bacteria through and intermediate virus such as a bacteriophage. Transduction mechanisms’ types are generalized and specialized transductions. When in lytic cycle, a bacteriophage incorporates segments of host bacterial genome during capsid synthesis and it is called generalized transduction. In contrast, specialized transduction is characterized by excision and packaging of nearby regions flanking the integration site of a lysogenic phage in a capsid. In lateral transduction, prophages commence DNA replication being integrated with the host genome. The human gut is a breeding spot for a vast community of bacteriophages carrying significant amount of ARGs. The bacteriophage-harbouring ARGs are also present in other natural environments. The overflow of the phages carrying ARGs in human gut surges upon antibiotic consumption. Experiments suggest that transduction might contribute to the development of drug resistance in gut-colonizing E. coli strains and other gut bacteria (Ross et al., 2015).
Development of Industrial Strain, Medium Characteristics and Biochemical Pathways
Published in Debabrata Das, Soumya Pandit, Industrial Biotechnology, 2021
Transduction: In this natural process, bacteriophage (transducing particle) as vector, aids in the transfer of genetic apparatus from donor bacterium to recipient bacterium by its infection. It is of two types; generalized transduction and specialized transduction. In generalized transduction, an arbitrary part of the DNA from the host organism is integrated into viral DNA and it is expressed in the recipient organism by infection. The majority of cells infected by generalized transducing phages are abortive in nature. Specialized transduction occurs only in the temperate phage of specialized transducing phages; these rare recombinants incorporate only a specific part of the DNA from the host cell to recipient cells. These phages lacks part of its viral genome and include part of the bacterial genome but mostly these phages cannot complete the infection cycle due to its faulty genome. Therefore, in general, transduction efficiencies are very low and gene transfer is tedious in unrelated strains, limiting the utility of the technique for strain improvement (Chen and Zeng, 2013).
Microbial Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Bacterial transduction is a process by which the genetic material in bacteria is transferred from one cell to another through the mediation of bacterial viruses (Figure 5.13). This process was first discovered by Norton Zinder and Joshua Lederberg in 1952 during their experiments to see whether the process of conjugation existed in Salmonella. In performing the “D” tube experiments, they found that the recombinants appeared only in one arm of the tube without cell contact. Also, cell-free filtrates from one culture could yield recombinants when mixed with the other. The active factor in the filtrate was, however, resistant to DNase, and this ruled out transformation involving DNA.
Understanding human health risks caused by antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARG) in water environments: Current knowledge and questions to be answered
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2020
Mohan Amarasiri, Daisuke Sano, Satoru Suzuki
In the transduction process, cellular DNA packaged to the bacteriophages during their replication will be incorporated to the host bacterial genome after the infection by a transduced bacteriophage (Calero-Cáceres, Ye, & Balcázar, 2019). Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2, blaKPC,blaOXA-48,blaPSE, conferring resistance to β-lactam antibiotics were detected in DNA of bacteriophages isolated from canal water, urban sewage and river water samples collected from Washington State whereas blaNDM-1 gene was detected from bacteriophage DNA fraction isolated from river and wastewater samples (A. Zhang et al., 2019). Analysis of viromes from seven marine habitats including Arctic Ocean, Indian Ocean and Gulf of Mexico confirmed the presence of phage associated ARGs (Calero-Cáceres & Balcázar, 2019). Muniesa et al. (2013) have provided a detailed review on the contribution of environmental bacteriophages on spreading ARGs (Muniesa, Colomer-Lluch, & Jofre, 2013b).
Antibiotic resistance in agricultural soils: Source, fate, mechanism and attenuation strategy
Published in Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2022
Jinhua Wang, Lanjun Wang, Lusheng Zhu, Jun Wang, Baoshan Xing
The process of HGT includes transformation, transduction and conjugation (Figure 3a) (Luby et al., 2016). Transformation is uptake of free DNA segments and incorporation into the bacterial chromosome. This DNA can be in the form of plasmids, or chromosomal DNA from dying cells, which is an important reason why ARGs are considered an important contaminant (Luby et al., 2016). Transduction refers as to phage mediated transfer of bacterial DNA between cells, and finally integration into the new bacterial genome (Penadés et al., 2015). Previous researches reported gene transfer by bacteriophages to environmentally relevant antibiotic resistance in wastewater, activated sludge, and soil, suggesting that transduction might be an important mechanism of resistance transfer (Parsley et al., 2010; Colomer-Lluch et al., 2011; Zhao, Ye, et al., 2019). Conjugation refers to transfer of DNA located in plasmid by means of direct cell-cell contact. The F-plasmids of E. coli are certainly a good example of antibiotics resistance spread from one organism to another. (Carattoli et al., 2013; Rozwandowicz et al., 2018). Recently, impacts of soil exotic compounds, such as antibiotics, disinfectants, nanomaterials, ionic liquids, and non-antibiotic pharmaceuticals, on conjugative transfer rates of ARGs between bacteria were evaluated (Baharoglu et al., 2013; Wang, Mao, et al., 2015; Zhang, Gu et al., 2017; Lu et al., 2018). A few studies revealed that metal ions, at concentrations above minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), showed decrease in the frequencies of conjugative transfer (Martinez et al., 2006). However, metals (e.g., Cu, Zn, Cr, Ag) in soil are usually present at sub-inhibitory concentrations (below MICs, also referred to as sub-lethal levels), which can promote conjugative transfer of ARGs between E. coli strains (Zhang, Gu, et al., 2018). The mechanisms of this phenomenon were further explored, which involved intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, SOS response, increased cell membrane permeability, and altered expression of conjugation-relevant genes (Zhang, Gu, et al., 2018). Consequently, antibiotic resistance can be found in bacteria that acquire the traits through HGT, which might the important reason that transfer ARGs between much more distantly related bacterial species.