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Industrial Applications of Biosurfactants
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Jeyabalan Sangeetha, Industrial Biotechnology, 2017
Shilpa Mujumdar, Shradha Bashetti, Sheetal Pardeshi, Rebecca S. Thombre
Glycolipids, as the name indicates, are made of two structural components, carbohydrates and lipids. This type of biosurfactants is most abundantly found in microbial world. Lipids can be long chain aliphatic acids or hydroxyaliphatic acids (Gautam and Tyagi, 2006). Rhamnolipids have rhamnose in their structure which is connected to one or two molecules of β-hydroxydecanoic acid. The first report of production was in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Edward and Hayashi, 1965; Hisatsuka et al., 1971). Like rhamnolipids, the carbohydrate moiety in trehalolipids is trehalose. Mycolic acid is found as the lipid counterpart in genera like Mycobcterium, Corynebacterium and Nocardia. The size and degree of mycolic acid moiety can vary in different organisms (Asselineau and Asselineau, 1978; Cooper et al., 1989). Sophorolipids have dimeric sophorose as in their structure along with long chain fatty acids. This type of glycolipid surfactants are mainly produced by yeast (Gautam and Tyagi, 2006).
A promising technology based on photoelectrocatalysis against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in water disinfection
Published in Environmental Technology, 2021
Michelle Fernanda Brugnera, Marcelo Miyata, Guilherme Julião Zocolo, Leticia Louize Gonçalves Tessaro, Clarice Queico Fujimura Leite, Maria Valnice Boldrin Zanoni
Another important parameter is the occurrence of mycolic acids. The presence of mycolic acids in the cell wall of M. tuberculosis is correlated with the identity of each mycobacteria. They are referred to as high-molecular-weight β-hydroxy fatty acids, with long alkyl chain branches at the α position, with a number of carbon atoms between 60 and 90 [42]. Mycolic acids are alcohol-acid resistant, and the resistance increases with the size and complexity of mycolic acid [43]. Thus, to confirm the inactivation of mycobacteria the chromatographic analysis of mycolic acid patterns from M. tuberculosis was carried out. Figure 5 compares the pattern of each HPLC chromatograms coupled to diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) obtained for solution of 5 × 108 CFU mL−1M. tuberculosis in sodium sulfate before (Curve a) and after (Curve b) 240 min of treatment. Extraction and derivatization of mycolic acids was performed as described by Bluter et al. [31].
Evaluation of biphenyl- and polychlorinated-biphenyl (PCB) degrading Rhodococcus sp. MAPN-1 on growth of Morus alba by pot study
Published in International Journal of Phytoremediation, 2020
Monika Sandhu, Prameela Jha, Atish T. Paul, Rajnish P. Singh, Prabhat N. Jha
The present study aimed to explore correlation of plant-microbe interaction by isolating biphenyl/PCB-degrading bacteria from the rhizosphere of M. alba and further checking whether the presence of the isolate has any effect on the growth of M. alba in biphenyl spiked soil. Bioremediation of PCB is often a slow process. Rhizospheric bacteria have been reported to show enhanced biodegradation of toxic organic compounds including PCBs present in the soil (Martínková et al. 2009; Pino et al. 2016). The isolate Rhodococcus sp. MAPN-1 showed prominent growth on MM with biphenyl as the sole carbon source and therefore, could be a potential candidate to be explored for phytoremediation. There are many reports on the members of this taxon to be involved in biodegradation of pollutants like PAH and PCB present in the soil environment (Luo et al. 2008; Yang et al. 2011). The genus Rhodococcus shows a significant affinity toward lipophilic pollutants because the cell wall consists of an aliphatic chain of mycolic acid (Luo and Hu 2013). Also, they are capable of synthesis of glycolipid biosurfactant that assists in solubilizing the pollutant which in turn make them available to the microbe to act upon (Larkin et al. 2005; Kuyukina et al. 2015).
Impact of incubation period on biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons from refinery wastewater in Kuantan, Malaysia by indigenous bacteria
Published in Bioremediation Journal, 2018
Muna Ibrahim, Essam A. Makky, Nina Suhaity Azmi, Jamil Ismail
Mycobacteria are a group of eubacteria that belong to a larger group of Gram-positive nocardioform Actinobacteria, which include Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Gordonia, and Dietzia (Stackebrandt et al. 1997). The organisms in the genus Mycobacteria are aerobic, acid-fast, rod-shaped bacteria that primarily contain mycolic acid in their cell wall. They are common saprophytes that are widely distributed in the environment (Primm, Lucero, and Falkinham 2004). The species of genus Chryseobacterium are typically pigmented from yellow to orange, rod-shaped, Gram-negative, non-spore forming, non-motile, and aerobic (Chaudhary and Kim 2017). Bacterial species of genera Achromobacter, Acinetobacter, Azoarcus, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, Flavobacterium, Marinobacter, Mycobacterium, Micrococcus, Nocardia, Ochrobactrum, Pseudomonas, Stenotrophomaonas, and Vibrio spp are reportedly hydrocarbon degraders (Varjani et al. 2015; Varjani and Upasani 2016). The proposed steps in hydrocarbon degradation by microbial cells are illustrated in (Figure 1). The purpose of this study is to isolate, screen, and identify bacterial isolates from the Kuantan River (KR) hydrocarbon-contaminated water for the biodegradation of PHCs extracted from refinery wastewater into compounds with high medical and industrial importance.