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Biological Hazards
Published in W. David Yates, Safety Professional’s Reference and Study Guide, 2020
Tuberculosis, also referred to as TB, is a disease caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal. TB disease was once the leading cause of death in the United States. It is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. Most infections in humans result in an asymptomatic (without symptoms), latent infection, and approximately one in ten latent infections eventually progresses to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than 50% of its victims. Occupations at greatest risk include health care workers, prison employees and inmates, homeless shelter employees, and drug treatment center employees.
Therapeutic Nanostructures in Antitubercular Therapy
Published in Bhaskar Mazumder, Subhabrata Ray, Paulami Pal, Yashwant Pathak, Nanotechnology, 2019
Paulami Pal, Subhabrata Ray, Anup Kumar Das, Bhaskar Mazumder
TB infection may spread with the inhalation of airborne particles contaminated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (of particles less than 5 µm in size) (Edwards and Kirkpatrick, 1986). Once the bacilli reach the alveolar network, they are supposed to be ingested by the alveolar macrophage system (lungs), the primary refuge of the tubercular bacilli. The remaining bacilli multiply within the macrophage and sooner or later spread to other organs of the body. In the case of patients infected with HIV, the macrophage system malfunctions in response to simultaneous infection with M. tuberculosis, which increases susceptibility to TB (Patel et al., 2009). In spite of this, there is no convincing data that HIV-seropositive people are more likely to get a TB infection than HIV-seronegative individuals, where they are known to have the same degree of exposure (Meltzer et al., 1990; Whalen et al., 2011).
Catabolite Regulation of the Main Metabolism
Published in Kazuyuki Shimizu, Metabolic Regulation and Metabolic Engineering for Biofuel and Biochemical Production, 2017
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes a serious health problem with about one-third of the world population infected by such pathogen (Sambou et al. 2008). Proper understanding of the molecular and metabolic regulation mechanisms that enables such pathogen to multiply in macrophase and survival in the host is important for the design of powerful strategies to combat the diseases (Sambou et al. 2008). In particular, the cell envelope plays important roles in host-pathogen interactions and resistance for the pathogens to chemotherapeutic treatments (Jarlier and Nikaido 1994, Daffe and Draper 1998). The outermost compartment of the cell envelope of pathgens consists of a loosely bound structure called capsule, where this envelope makes it difficult for the host to degrade (Daffe and Draper 1998). M. tuberculosis and other pathogenic mycobacteria produce large amounts of a glycogen-like α-glucan which forms their outermost capsular layer, where glucan and glycogen are synthesized by α-1,4-glycosyl transferase Rv3032 and GlgACB.
Design of artificial neural networks optimized through genetic algorithms and sequential quadratic programming for tuberculosis model
Published in Waves in Random and Complex Media, 2022
Muhammad Shoaib, Saba Kainat, Muhammad Asif Zahoor Raja, Kottakkaran Sooppy Nisar
The tuberculosis model is discussed in this paper using GA-SQP. The symptoms of tuberculosis include cough, sputum production, fever, weight loss, night sweats, hemoptysis, anorexia, and dyspnea. The global tuberculosis (TB) epidemic has created an urgent need for early detection and effective therapy of tuberculosis patients, especially those with pulmonary TB who transmit infection. The discovery of TB's cause by German physician Robert Koch, which he revealed on March 24, 1882, Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified as the agent. TB remains a substantial cause of illness and death around the world; it is estimated that one-third of the world's population is attacked with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with an estimated nine million people diagnosed with the disease each year and nearly two million dying from it [26,27]. According to a recent systematic study, those with diabetes mellitus (DM) had around three times the chance of having tuberculosis infection as people without the condition [28].
Molecular characterization and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in environmental substrates from three dairy farms in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Published in International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 2021
Athini Ntloko, Martins Ajibade Adefisoye, Ezekiel Green
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious disease caused by a consortium of closely-associated bacteria, referred to as Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex or MTBC (Sharma et al. 2016). The classification of the bacterial strains within the complex has been made difficult due to taxonomic and nomenclature changes. However, Riojas et al. (2018) have recently suggested that the various MTBC strains within the complex should rather be described as variants of MTBC based on the genetic relatedness of these strains, which largely exceeds the respective species declination threshold. The World Health Organisation (WHO) ranked TB as one of the first ten global causes of death, with an estimated 10.4 million individuals falling ill with TB in 2016 alone, while about 1.7 million people, including 0.4 million individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) died of the disease. More than 95% of TB-associated deaths are recorded in low-income and middle-income countries, with China, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines and South Africa accounting for about 64% of the total death cases (WHO 2018).
ViT-TB: Ensemble Learning Based ViT Model for Tuberculosis Recognition
Published in Cybernetics and Systems, 2022
Lassaad Ben Ammar, Karim Gasmi, Ibtihel Ben Ltaifa
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by a species of pathogenic bacteria called Mycobacterium tuberculosis which spread easily through the air. A person with tuberculosis has a 70% risk of dying within 10 years if they are not treated. Automation in healthcare has increased the need for extra tools in middle- and low-income countries. Already scarce resources are being devoted primarily to the prevention and treatment of additional deadly diseases.