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Mining and Beneficiation Waste Production and Utilization
Published in Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde, Waste Production and Utilization in the Metal Extraction Industry, 2017
Sehliselo Ndlovu, Geoffrey S. Simate, Elias Matinde
The separation of minerals based on their magnetic susceptibility is a widely used technique that can be very efficient separation process. Magnetic separation is extensively used in the mining industry in the processing of, for example, iron ore, ilmenite, chromite, mineral sands, silica, fluorspar, kaolin and talc. The magnetic separation processes are generally classified into two (Balakrishnan et al., 2013; Grewal, 2016):Strongly magnetic particles commonly classified as ferromagnetic, such as iron and magnetite that can be easily separated from other minerals by the application of a low intensity magnetic field.Weakly magnetic particles, commonly classified as paramagnetic and diamagnetic. These are not magnetic but differ in how they interact with magnetic fields. Paramagnetic minerals are weakly attracted whereas diamagnetic minerals are weakly repelled along the lines of magnetic forces. These minerals require a high intensity magnetic field for separation. Typical examples are rutile, ilmenite and chromite.The magnetic separation process is generally a low-cost method of recovery unless high intensity separators are required. The process can be accomplished under wet or dry conditions.
Sustainable Management of Mine Induced Water
Published in Sheila Devasahayam, Kim Dowling, Manoj K. Mahapatra, Sustainability in the Mineral and Energy Sectors, 2016
Muhammad Muhitur Rahman, Dharmappa Hagare, Muttucumaru Sivakumar, Raghu N. Singh
Australia is one of the largest coal and mineral producing countries in the world. Australia is rich in reserves of a number of precious metals as well as different types of coals. At a glance, mineral resources of Australia include (ABS, 1996; Britt et al., 2014): Base metals: zinc, lead, copper, nickel, cobalt, antimony, cadmium, tin and tungstenPrecious metal: gold, silver, platinum and diamondEnergy minerals: black coal, brown coal and uraniumMetallic minerals: iron ore, bauxite, magnesite, manganese and vanadiumMineral sands: ilmenite, rutile and zirconOther minerals: lithium, tantalum, phosphate and rare earth oxides
Direct Revegetation of Salt-Affected Gold Ore Refining Residue: Technology Evaluation
Published in M.H. Wong, J.W.C. Wong, A.J.M. Baker, Remediation and Management of Degraded Lands, 2018
G.E. Ho, M.K.S.A. Samaraweera, R.W. Bell
Iron, bauxite, gold, nickel, diamond, and mineral sands mined and processed in Western Australia represent a significant proportion of the world’s output and generate 70% of the export income of the state (Department of Resources Development, 1996). In 1994, Western Australia produced 193.6 tonnes of gold, which is 74% of Australian production and 8% of the world total. Much of the gold mined in Western Australia is in the arid hinterland of the state. A significant amount is, however, produced in the southwestern part of the state, near Boddington, in the eastern jarrah forest, 125 km southeast of Perth. Evaluation of the technology for direct revegetation of the ore refining residues from the Boddington gold mining operation is the subject of the present chapter.
Physico-chemical characterization of detrital sillimanite and garnet: Insights into REE elements, crystal structure and morphology
Published in Marine Georesources & Geotechnology, 2022
Rajan Girija Rejith, Mayappan Sundararajan, Sreekantaiyer Ramaswamy, Abdul Azeez Peer Mohamed, Manavalan Satyanarayanan
Detailed analysis of physico-chemical characteristics of beach minerals can be successfully achieved using a series of sophisticated analytical techniques. The portable XRF data confirms the presence of garnet, zircon, monazite, Fe oxides, and Ti minerals in the heavy mineral sands of northern Namibian coast (Gallhofer and Lottermoser 2020). The mineral chemistry determined using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) confirms that the garnet in Alimini beach sands of Apulia belongs to piralspite and melanite groups (Dominici et al. 2016). The semi-quantitative estimation of major oxides using SEM-EDS confirms the presence of titanium-zirconium heavy minerals (Dung et al. 2018). Many researchers have carried out detailed analyses of Raman spectra measured for natural end-member minerals of the garnet (Mingsheng et al. 1994; Enami 2012). The potential of garnet sand from Australia, India, United States, and Germany for the extraction of scandium, rare earths, and yttrium (REY) were analysed using quadrupole ICP-MS (Klimpel, Bau, and Graupner 2021). The inclusions and chemical composition obtained by Raman spectra and electron microprobe analysis of detrital garnet from placer deposits reveal rock recycling processes (Baldwin et al. 2021).
Catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol using CuO@Na2Ti(PO4)2⋅H2O
Published in Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2022
Bishenka H. Mahaulpatha, Lalinda Palliyaguru, Savidya Jayawardene, Masaru Shimomura, Jonas Baltrusaitis, Pradeep M. Jayaweera
All commercially available chemicals including sodium borohydride (NaBH4, Research-lab Fine Chem Industries, LR grade), copper nitrate trihydrate (Cu(NO3)2⋅3H2O, Merck, GLR grade), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3, Sigma–Aldrich, GLR grade), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP, BDH Chemicals Ltd., AGR grade), phosphoric acid (Central Drug House (Pvt.) Limited, GLR grade) were used as received without further purification. Samples of purified Hi-titanium ilmenite beach sand were obtained from Lanka Mineral Sands Limited, Sri Lanka. Aqueous solutions were prepared using doubled-distilled water. Catalyst was prepared using deionized water (conductivity 0.055 µS). All glassware was washed with a 10 (v/v%) nitric acid diluted in distilled water and oven dried at 120 °C.
Investigating the high ash lignite processing with teetered bed separator
Published in International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization, 2019
Ataallah Bahrami, Ergin Gülcan
Gravity concentration is probably the oldest, yet the most studied mineral processing method that basically takes advantage of physical differences (size, specific gravity, shape, etc.) among mineral particles (Fuerstenau and Han 2003; Honaker and Richard 2003; Kelly and Spottiswood 1982; Mular, Halbe, and Barratt 2002; Wills and Napier-Munn 2006). Gravity concentration applications cover numerous operations such as processing gold, tin, mineral sands, chromite, coal, rare earth metals, copper, etc. (Burt 1999; Fuerstenau and Han 2003; Gupta and Yan 2006; Laplante and Gray 2005; Mular, Halbe, and Barratt 2002; Richards and Jones 2004; Wills and Napier-Munn 2006). Among the recently developed methods and operations, one of the most popular examples and successful applications were conducted with Teetered Bed Separators (TBS) which are substantially hindered settling based hydraulic classifiers. In terms of mineral separation/classification applications, processing of the ores such as iron, chromite, manganese, etc. with TBS had been intensely studied and reviewed successfully (Bazin and Payenzo 2011; Kapure et al. 2007; Kumar et al. 2012; Ozcan and Celik 2016; Ozcan and Ergun 2017; Tripathy et al. 2013). Additionally, mathematical and modeling-based analyses of the particle dynamics within a TBS have been a subject of interest among many researchers (Bazin et al. 2012; Kapure et al. 2007; Kari et al. 2006; Kohmuench 2000; Kumar et al. 2011).