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2 Crystallization Kinetics Using In Situ Sealed Capillary High-Temperature Synchrotron Radiation Diffraction
Published in It-Meng Low, Hani Manssor Albetran, Victor Manuel de la Prida Pidal, Fong Kwong Yam, Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide in Photocatalysis, 2021
It-Meng Low, Hani Manssor Albetran, Victor Manuel de la Prida Pidal, Fong Kwong Yam
Titanium dioxide ( TiO2 ) is a commercially important semiconductor oxide material with two common crystalline phases, namely, anatase and rutile [1]. Anatase is used in photocatalytic applications such as photocatalysts, solar energy cells, antibacterial applications, gas sensors, and catalyst support [2]. Rutile has a high refractive index and is often used in optical devices and as a pigment [3].
The Ingestion Pathway
Published in Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari
Titanium dioxide is probably the material most nanoparticles added to food are made of, and it is hard to tell how much of it we ingest daily. Those particles are not soluble in water and have three natural forms: rutile, anatase and brookite. Rutile and anatase particles are used to produce pigment-grade material for the colouring of some foods and may be coated with various materials (aluminium, silicon or polymers) to enhance their technological properties. Those coatings are made because they modify the reactions between the surface of the titanium dioxide particles and the matrix where they are mixed, resulting in lower aggregation and a better dispersion possibility (Fig. 5.13).
Minerals of base metals
Published in Francis P. Gudyanga, Minerals in Africa, 2020
Rutile mineral is primarily titanium dioxide, TiO2, with three rarer polymorphs anatase, brook-ite and TiO2(B). Anatase is a tetragonal mineral of pseudo-octahedral habit, while brookite is an orthorhombic mineral, and Ti2(B) is of a monoclinic form [687]. The mineral may contain significant amounts of iron, niobium and tantalum. In beach sands, rutile is a constituent of heavy minerals often referred to as “mineral sands” which include zircon and ilmenite.
Dielectric spectroscopy of PETG/TiO2 composite intended for 3D printing
Published in Virtual and Physical Prototyping, 2023
Petr Veselý, Denis Froš, Tomáš Hudec, Josef Sedláček, Pavel Ctibor, Karel Dušek
In this work, TiO2 in the form of rutile was incorporated into PETG to enhance dielectric properties. Rutile comprises two TiO2 units in the tetragonal crystal lattice. Overall, the dipole moment is zero due to the symmetrical lattice structure. Therefore, rutile is ranked as a non-polar dielectric, which induces stability of permittivity magnitude through a wide range of frequencies (Marinel et al. 2013). This property, in conjunction with the low loss factor, makes the TiO2 promising material that is intensively studied as potential excellent material for preparing dielectric ceramics, coating, etc. (Noh et al. 2006; Noh et al. 2007; Liu et al. 2020). Comparing frequently mentioned BaTiO3 and employed TiO2, dielectric linearity favours TiO2 over BaTiO3. Furthermore, BaTiO3 exhibits Curie temperature at 115°C and undergoes a phase change. It may cause trouble when using the compound in production processes in which the stated temperature is reached.
Photocatalytic degradation of H2S in the gas-phase using a continuous flow reactor coated with TiO2-based acrylic paint
Published in Environmental Technology, 2019
Eduardo Borges Lied, Camilo Freddy Mendoza Morejon, Rodrigo Leonardo de Oliveira Basso, Ana Paula Trevisan, Paulo Rodrigo Stival Bittencourt, Fábio Luiz Fronza
The interpretation of the diffractogram of the acrylic paint sample shown in Figure 3(a) indicates that the pigment that composes the paint is related to the crystallographic phase TiO2-rutile with a peak of greater intensity in 2θ = 27°, as also interpreted by Nogueira [49]. No other crystalline TiO2 phase was identified. The crystal structure of rutile consists in TiO6 octahedra bonded by the vertices (corner-shared) in a tetragonal cell [50]. Peaks of lower intensity in 2θ = 36°, 41°, 54° and 69° also refers to rutile phase. Also, Borges et al. [51] when analyzing a painted sample did not identify the anatase crystalline phase, only the rutile phase which is more photostable. Thus, the results of XRD confirm that commercial paints have their formulation based on the use of TiO2-rutile pigment [37,52].
Preparation of synthetic rutile from high titanium slag using microwave heating
Published in Phase Transitions, 2018
Xiaoying Zheng, Guo Chen, Jin Chen, Jinhui Peng, C. Srinivasakannan, Rongsheng Ruan
TiO2 is a popular material widely utilized in the manufacturing of pigment in paints, plastics, rubber and paper industries [1–3]. Rutile is the major raw material for production of TiO2 pigment or TiCl4 from which titanium metal is produced by reduction [4]. Because of the shortage of natural rutile, resulting in a sharp decline of high grade natural rutile supply, the bottlenecks of the natural rutile as the raw materials of TiO2 pigment or TiCl4 were appeared [5–7]. Thus, producing synthetic rutile from abundantly available high titanium slag becomes a major alternative. However, conventional heating to transform anatase into rutile causes many problems, such as high energy consumption and pollution [8].