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Optical Thin Film Materials
Published in Andrew Sarangan, Optical Thin Film Design, 2020
The majority of thin film designs rely on alternating layers of high-refractive-index and low-refractive-index films (the reason for this will be discussed in more detail in Chapter 6). In the visible range, the choice of low-index materials is often between magnesium fluoride (MgF2), silicon dioxide (SiO2), and calcium fluoride (CaF2). Of these, MgF2 has the lowest refractive index of about 1.38 at a wavelength of 550 nm. Among high-index materials, titanium dioxide (TiO2) has the highest refractive index of nearly 2.6 at 550 nm. Although other elements such as Si and Ge exhibit even higher refractive indices, they exhibit heavy absorption in the visible spectrum that makes them unsuitable for application in the visible spectrum.
2 in Cement and Concrete for its Dispersion, Structural Characterization, Mechanical Properties, and its Performance Under Aggressive Environment
Published in Jose James, Sabu Thomas, Nandakumar Kalarikkal, Yang Weimin, Kaushik Pal, Processing and Characterization of Multicomponent Polymer Systems, 2019
Mainak Ghosal, Arun KR. Chakraborty
The Jubilee Church of Rome shown in Figure 12.3 was constructed by using Nano-TIO2 on its external plastered surface and is still performing well in terms of retarding the advances of chemicals on its silver-white exterior. Similarly, many waterproofing agents in the market use Nano-Titanium Dioxide as a principal compound. Titanium being an inert element is useful to ward off any external harmful chemical attacks. Now, the question arises is what is TiO2? Titanium dioxide is a white powder (superfine particles) that has long been used as a white pigment. It is tasteless, odorless, and is harmless to humans. Titanium dioxide can be found in many products, ranging from paint to food and drugs to cosmetics. When applied to cement mortar and concrete one can easily make out the difference using his naked eye, between the normal concrete and with the concrete or mortar made with Nano-TIO2 as shown in Figure 12.4.
In Vivo Studies
Published in Vineet Kumar, Nandita Dasgupta, Shivendu Ranjan, Nanotoxicology, 2018
Although normal titanium dioxide (greater than 100 nm in diameter) is biologically and chemically inert, nano titanium dioxide is harmful and has negative health effects including respiratory tract cancer, fibrosis, epithelial hyperplasia, pro-inflammatory effects, and chronic pulmonary inflammation (ILSI 2000; Gurr et al. 2005; Hext et al. 2005; IRAC 2006, 2010; Trouiller et al. 2009; NIOSH 2011). In fact, titanium dioxide nanoparticles have been shown to cause neural toxicity, renal toxicity, and hepatotoxicity (Long et al. 2007; Jeon et al. 2010, 2011). They have also been shown to stimulate oxidative DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, and increased hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide production in various in vivo experimental systems (Zhang and Sun 2004; Gurr et al. 2005; Trouiller et al. 2009).
Synthesis of polyacrylate dispersant by DPE method and its application in inkjet ink of titanium dioxide
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2023
Qin Yin, Xuefen Wu, Xiaomei Wang
The titanium dioxide is an inorganic pigment with the best opacity, whiteness, and brightness.[1] Being considered as the most excellent white pigment in the world, it is widely used in ink, paint, cosmetics, pharmaceutical, plastic, and textile.[2] In 2019, the world's production of titanium dioxide reached 8.35 million tons, with paint and ink consumption almost half of the total. In the textile inkjet printing industry, titanium dioxide has an important position due to its high hiding power. Due to the high price and small size of the inkjet nozzle, the TiO2 paste should have the smallest possible particle size and good placement stability to avoid clogging the nozzle while providing sufficient hiding power.[3] For the traditional printing industry, such as screen printing, the sedimentation of the particle can be controlled by the high viscosity to improve placement stability.[4,5] However, for inkjet printing, to ensure fluency and high quality, the ink must be controlled in the low viscosity range, which undoubtedly poses a new challenge to the dispersion of TiO2.[6]
Improving titanium dioxide dispersion in water through surface functionalization by a dicarboxylic acid
Published in Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 2019
Victoria González-Rodríguez, Diana Lizeth Zapata-Tello, Javier Vallejo-Montesinos, Ramón Zárraga Núñez, José Amir Gonzalez-Calderon, Elías Pérez
Of all the crystalline system of metallic oxide surfaces, titanium oxide (TiO2) is the most used. This commodity material has two common crystalline forms, the rutile and the anatase. Titanium dioxide has several applications: it has been used in heterogeneous catalysis, photocatalysis, solar cells for hydrogen and electric power, gas sensors, white pigments, anti-corrosion coatings, optical coatings, ceramics and electronic devices.[1, 2] The surface properties of titanium dioxide promote the application of these particles in photocatalytic processes, which is carried out in aqueous environments. TiO2 as a pigment is used widely in the paint, papermaking, plastic, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries due to its outstanding physicochemical properties, namely, its high refractive index (2.5–2.7 at 599 nm) and low absorption rate; these properties produce a high light scattering that renders materials opaque.[3]
Solvent Extraction of Ti(IV) from Hydrochloric Acid Leaching Solution of Ilmenite
Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2021
TiO2 is amphoteric with relatively weak acidity and basicity (Habashi 1997). Titanium dioxide pigments have a high refractive index and better opacity than other pigments, and thus are used for scattering light (Nguyen and Lee 2018). Moreover, the chemical stability of titanium dioxide is excellent. Therefore, titanium dioxide is employed as main raw material in various chemical industries, surface coatings, paints, paper, printing ink, ceramics, food, pharmaceuticals, and bio-materials. Due to the continuous increase in demand for titanium dioxide, the world’s total production of titanium dioxide reached 6.5 million tons in 2012 (Haverkamp, Kruger and Rajashekar 2016).