Chloride process

Chloride process

Alternative Energy: Photovoltaic Solar Cells

Published in Brian D. Fath, Sven E. Jørgensen, Megan Cole, Managing Air Quality and Energy Systems, 2020

Titanium dioxide occurs in nature as the well-known, naturally occurring minerals rutile (the most common and stable form), anatase, and brookite. Crude titanium dioxide is purified via titanium tetrachloride in the chloride process. In this process, the crude ore (containing at least 90% TiO2) is reduced with carbon, oxidized with chlorine to give titanium tetrachloride.

Solvent Extraction of Ti(IV) from Hydrochloric Acid Leaching Solution of Ilmenite

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Journal Information

Published in Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2021

Hyeong Hun Ahn, Man Seung Lee

In general, high purity titanium dioxide is manufactured with the chloride process from high-grade rutile or titanium slag (Nguyen and Lee 2018; Zhang, Zhu and Cheng 2011). In the chloride process, raw materials and coke react at high temperature in the presence of chlorine gas, which converts titanium oxide into TiCl4 vapor. TiCl4 vapor is converted to TiO2 with O2 at 1500°C or higher (Scott, Fang and Fan 2015). Impurities present in rutile and slag can form metal chlorides, which decrease the purity of the produced TiO2 and the efficiency of Cl2 consumption (Lee et al. 2019). Therefore, the chloride process would be poor at treating ilmenite ore containing a large amount of iron and impurities (Das et al. 2013). Ilmenite is the most commonly used ore for the production of titanium dioxide and many methods are studied for titanium recovery (Huang et al. 2017; Kalendal, North and Naude 2019; Kangal and Guney 2002). Therefore, the development of an efficient process is necessary to manufacture high purity TiO2 from titanium ores like ilmenite.

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Solvent Extraction of Ti(IV) from Hydrochloric Acid Leaching Solution of Ilmenite