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Minerals of base metals
Published in Francis P. Gudyanga, Minerals in Africa, 2020
Titanium dioxide is commonly produced from ilmenite FeTiO3 which is from heavy minerals sands ore deposits as well as from layered intrusive “hard rock” titanium ore sources. The ore is mixed and reacted with sulphuric acid to remove the iron oxide group forming a by-product of iron sulphate. This is crystallised and filtered off, leaving the titanium salt in the solution which can be oxidised to TiO2 called synthetic rutile. The synthetic rutile can be further processed in a similar way to natural rutile to give various titanium products.
Removal of Particulate Matter by Filtration and Sedimentation
Published in Samuel D. Faust, Osman M. Aly, Chemistry of Water Treatment, 2018
Silica sand, anthracite coal, garnet, and ilmenite are the most common types of medium used in granular bed filters. Use may be alone or in dual- or triple-media combinations. Garnet (SG 3.6 to 4.2) and ilmenite (SG 4.2 to 4.6) are naturally occurring, high-density minerals. Garnet is a generic term that refers to many different minerals (i.e. almandite, andiadite, and grossularite) composed of silicates of iron, aluminum, and calcium. Ilmenite is an iron titanium ore that is associated usually with hematite and magnetite (iron oxides). Other types of media include granular activated carbon (GAC), which serves both as a filter and an adsorber (see Chapter 4). Occasionally, it is used as a filter alone following an adsorption unit.
Minerals
Published in F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas, A Geology for Engineers, 2017
F.G.H. Blyth, M. H. de Freitas
The chief ore of titanium. Occurs as an accessory mineral in basic igneous rocks; large, massive segregations of the mineral are found in association with such rocks, as in Norway and Canada (Quebec and Ontario). Ilmenite grains are found in many beach-sands; important deposits of this type are worked in India (Travancore), Australia, Tasmania, Florida, and elsewhere. Alters to white leucoxene, the presence of which distinguishes ilmenite from magnetite.
Effect of mineral phases on the leaching efficiency of Ti slag
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2023
Haibo Wang, Ke Sun, Bin Wang, Ruifang Lu, Xiaoping Wu
Panzhihua, located in southwestern China, holds ilmenite reserves of 870 million tons, accounting for 35% of total ilmenite reserves in the world [10]. The original ore is vanadium titanomagnetite, which contains Fe, Ti, V and other minor to trace metal elements. By using mineral beneficiation methods, the ilmenite (FeTiO3) and iron concentrate are produced. The ilmenite usually contains 47% TiO2, and can be further upgraded by using an electric-furnace smelting process to produce TiO2-rich slag (titanium slag), which contains around 74% TiO2 or higher. The composition of mineral phases in titanium slag produced from Panzhihua ilmenite is complex due to its high contents of CaO, SiO2 and MgO. The mineral phases of the titanium slag predominately consist of anosovite (FeTi2O5, MgTi2O5) and augite (including TiO2, CaO, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2 and Fe2O3 in a non-stoichiometric format) [11–13]. Titanium in the iron concentrate is discharged as a Ti-bearing blast furnace slag in the course of the smelting of pig iron, or recovered as a high-Ti-bearing blast furnace slag by using a number of methods [11,14]. For example, the high-Ti-bearing electric-furnace slag can be produced using a direct reduction-electric-furnace smelting method. Currently, titanium slag produced from ilmenite is the main feed materials for making titanium dioxide.
Mineralogy of beach sand in Jumundo, Korea and recovery of heavy minerals using Humphreys spiral concentrator and shaking table followed by magnetic separation process
Published in Geosystem Engineering, 2022
Hee-Young Shin, Soo-Chun Chae, Kyoungkeun Yoo
The distribution of heavy minerals in marine beach sediments is primarily a function of the interaction between the extrabasinal, such as source area weathering and intrabasinal processes (Anfuso et al., 1999; Ergin et al., 2007; Frihy & Dewidar, 2003; Hoffman et al., 1999; Rigler & Collins, 1983). With raising the sea level and erosion of the southern fold band in Paleogene to early Neogene, the Yellow sea was formed, comprising the basin aggregated with terrestrial clastic sediments and pelagic sediments (Emery et al., 1969; Lee & Kim, 1997; Wageman et al., 1970). In the preliminary studies (Chae et al., 2007 &, 2011), the distribution of heavy minerals in beach sands in South Korea was investigated to select some promising sites. Among them, Jumundo in the Yellow Sea was recognized as a resource of ilmenite (Chae et al., 2007 &, 2011). The specific gravity of ilmenite is found to be 4.68–4.76, and the ilmenite could be concentrated by gravity separation processes, which are promising methods to separate heavy minerals and pure sands (Na et al., 2020; M. Y. Jung et al., 2020; K. Yoo et al., 2020). Therefore, the site on the Onguji beach, Jumundo, Ganghwa-gun, Incheon, Korea was selected, and a mineralogical study was investigated. Furthermore, the separation of heavy minerals from Jumundo beach sands was carried out using physical separation system, such as Humphrey spiral separator, shaking table, and magnetic separators.
Volatilisation behaviour of iron, silicon and magnesium during vacuum carbothermal reduction of ilmenite concentrate
Published in Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly, 2019
Xiao-dong Lv, Run Huang, Qin-zhi Wu, Qing-hui Wu, Jin-zhu Zhang
In China, titanium resources are abundant in Panxi area, but have complex parageneses [1]. Titanium usually forms parageneses with iron (Fe) in nature, and ilmenite is one of the most important minerals among these parageneses. Ilmenite is formed by FeO·TiO2 with other impurity oxides, and can be represented by the formula of m[(Fe, Mg, Mn)O·TiO2]·(1–m)[(Fe, Cr, Al)2O3] [2]. The TiO2 contents in ilmenite ores fluctuate greatly due to their natural forming conditions. Panzhihua ilmenite concentrate from Panxi area is a kind of low-grade ilmenite obtained from tailings after the first dressing. Furthermore, the Panzhihua ilmenite concentrate contains high impurities, such as calcium and magnesium [3], which greatly affect the production of sponge titanium or titanium oxide by chlorination. However, the removals of impurities in the production process of titanium-rich materials [4–8] are often accompanied with pollution at present.