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Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Published in Swapan Kumar Dutta, Jitendra Saxena, Binoy Krishna Choudhury, Energy Efficiency and Conservation in Metal Industries, 2023
Focusing on the iron and steel industry, new technological solutions need to be developed to achieve quality byproducts in order to increase their utility for sustainability and to reduce environmental impact (COM 2010) (EEA 2014). It is a pathway to achieve the “zero waste” goal in the steel sector and conservation measures to some natural resources, and reduces the environmental impact of the production (European Union Greenhouse Gas Inventory 1990–2012 and Inventory Report 2014). Implementing the concept of circular economy—that is: replace, reuse, recycle and restore—will provides energy-saving measures and to achieve higher efficiency in the production processes. The future trends of the iron and steel industry are not only in innovation and new technological solutions, but also reducing negative environmental impacts to make processes cleaner and more environmentally friendly.
Methanogens and MIC
Published in Kenneth Wunch, Marko Stipaničev, Max Frenzel, Microbial Bioinformatics in the Oil and Gas Industry, 2021
Timothy J. Tidwell, Zachary R. Broussard
Methanogens have been implicated in corrosion failures since their initial discovery. In 1987, Dainels observed that methanogenesis and cell division were capable with CO2 when the sole electron donor was iron (Fe0). Iron is an inexpensive metal and is widely used in many industrial processes and industrial/commercial products. When iron contacts an aqueous electrolyte, it readily corrodes. Metallurgical and environmental heterogeneities are not evenly distributed across the metal’s surface, and, consequently, the electric potential is also unevenly distributed (Uchiyama, et al. 2010). Therefore, electrons flow within the metal from higher electrical potential (the anode) to an area of lower electrical potential (the cathode). At the anode, iron atoms lose electrons and dissolve into ferrous ions (Fe2+), whereas cations or elements dissolved in solution, H+ under anaerobic conditions or O2 under aerobic conditions, are reduced by electrons at the cathode.
Preventive Measures for Corona Virus Considering Different Perspectives in Indian Conditions
Published in Suman Lata Tripathi, Kanav Dhir, Deepika Ghai, Shashikant Patil, Health Informatics and Technological Solutions for Coronavirus (COVID-19), 2021
Saumyadip Hazra, Abhimanyu Kumar, Souvik Ganguli, Sahil Virk
Iron in the human body is also another essential nutrient. It exists in two oxidation states. It must be carefully controlled as its redox potential can also contribute to toxicity [14]. In erythrocytes, major proportion of the iron is usually found. The amount of iron in the human body should be balanced as either iron deficiency or excess can both lead to harmful effects on the functions of cells, tissues and organs. Iron deficiency can be caused due to the improper intake of balanced diet and such people are more susceptible to infections. Excess of iron in some people can be observed in comparison to their calorie requirements [15]. Iron helps in fighting immunity by boosting the production of white blood cells or lymphocytes which plays an imperative role in fighting diseases and infections by protecting the body from harmful invaders like bacteria and viruses. Therefore, iron deficiency may lead to suboptimal production of the red blood cells and can also cause anemia [16]. Consuming iron rich foods can also boost the immunity.
Assessment of contamination levels of heavy metals in the agricultural soils using ICP-OES
Published in Soil and Sediment Contamination: An International Journal, 2023
Mohamed E Shaheen, Walid Tawfik, Asmaa F. Mankola, Joel E. Gagnon, Brian J. Fryer, Farouk M. El-Mekawy
Iron is one of the most important metals and one of the major constituents of the lithosphere, which comprises approximately 5% of the Earth’s crust (Gautam et al. 2016; Kabata-Pendias and Mukherjee 2007). It’s frequently found in municipal waste effluent, especially in cities where iron and steel are produced (Gautam et al. 2016). The abundance of Fe was estimated to vary between 0.1 and 10%. Iron is vital for the efficient functioning of biological systems and is essential for human health. The deficiency of iron leads to anemia, while its excess in the human body is toxic and causes hemochromatosis resulting in tissue damage (Gautam et al. 2016). The concentration of Fe determined in this study varied between 4.9 − 5.7% with an average value of 5.4%, which is close to the crustal average value, Table 5. The average concentration of Fe in Egypt was found to vary widely among different studies and ranged from 2504 µg/g to 8.1% as shown in Table 4 (El-Bady and Metwally 2019; Shaheen et al. 2021).
Sulfur content reduction of iron concentrate by reverse flotation
Published in Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects, 2023
Fardis Nakhaei, Mehdi Irannajad, Sima Mohammadnejad, Amir Hajizadeh Omran
The major challenge for iron ore industry is beneficiation of sulfur-rich iron ore. Considering the limits of gravity and magnetic separation processes in the relatively finer size range in terms of achieving adequate separation efficiency, reverse flotation of iron ore concentrate is being used commercially for the beneficiation of iron ores. This study has been made of a reverse flotation process to eliminate sulfur from iron oxide minerals. Iron ions have a strong effect on pyrite flotation when xanthate is used as a collector. In this study, micro-flotation tests and zeta-potential measurements were performed to examine the flotation behavior of iron oxide-pyrite and pure pyrite. Bench-scale mechanical flotation experiments were conducted to assess the possibility of removing these sulfides from actual iron ore concentrate. Results displayed that differences among the pyrite samples have an influence on their flotation behaviors. Based on the results of zeta-potential measurements, iso-electric points (IEP) for pure and iron oxides-pyrite were around pH 7 and 8, respectively. Micro flotation results showed that the recoveries are highly dependent on pH. Both pyrite types revealed high recoveries at pH 4.75 to 8, but in flotation of iron oxides-pyrite, partial depression was found in the pH range of 6–7. The presence of iron ions in solution remarkably depressed iron oxide-pyrite flotation in the pH range of 2.5–3. The recovery of both pyrite reduced dramatically when going from pH 10.
Performance of unprecedented synthesized biosurfactants as green inhibitors for the corrosion of mild steel-37-2 in neutral solutions: a mechanistic approach
Published in Green Chemistry Letters and Reviews, 2021
Ahmed Fawzy, Metwally Abdallah, Majda Alfakeer, Hatem M. Altass, Ismail I. Althagafi, Yasser A. El-Ossaily
Iron alloys are used as major building materials and in several industrial applications as well as in the various everyday objects we use due to their effective mechanical properties. Mild steel is a type of low carbon steel called (MS-37-2) is the most widely used steel alloys because it is a low-cost material and easy to configure. It is widely applied as a constructional material in petrochemical industries and in a variety of sections including structural beams and columns, channels, plates, cold-rolled sheets and pipes. Nevertheless, the risk of a problem facing steel alloys is the corrosion phenomenon, which in turn causes serious industrial problems especially in the countries with a harsh climate, causing short life of these facilities and low operating efficiency of them [1].