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Paths to the Energy Miracles
Published in H. B. Glushakow, Energy Miracles, 2022
Figure 125 is a diagram of the cross-sectional area of the Earth. The Earth’s crust is 35 km (21 miles) thick on average. At the boundary between crust and mantle, temperatures range from 500 to 1000°C (932 to 1864°F). At the deeper levels of the mantle bordering on the outer core, the temperature rises to 4000°C (7230°F).
Petroleum Pre-Period
Published in Muhammad Abdul Quddus, Petroleum Science and Technology, 2021
The earth’s crust is defined as the distinct outermost solid shell of the earth. The crust is clearly distinguishable from the underlying bordering earth mantle on the basis of geology and chemical constituents. The earth’s crust is important to mankind. The crust is directly linked to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and to all living species of the earth. The crust is like wrapping paper on the surface of the earth. It is the outermost zone of the earth’s shell, and formed 1000 million years after the formation of the earth (4600 mya). The earth’s crust is located above the thermodynamic zone of the earth’s upper mantle. The earth’s mantle is molten lava in plastic state along with some solids. Because of the mantle’s thermodynamic state, the adjacent crust experiences various forms of stress and undergoes strain. That results in the breaking of the crust, into seven to eight different tectonic plates, faults and fissures.
Environmental Biotechnology
Published in Firdos Alam Khan, Biotechnology Fundamentals, 2020
Another important feature of our planet is its geological activity such as volcanic fissures and lava eruption. The earth’s crust (or continental crust) is the outermost solid land surface of the earth. It is chemically and mechanically different from the underlying mantle and has been generated largely by igneous processes in which magma (molten rock) cools and solidifies to form solid land. Plate tectonics, mountain ranges, volcanoes, and earthquakes are geological phenomena that can be explained in terms of energy transformations in the earth’s crust and might be thought of as the process by which the earth resurfaces itself. Beneath the earth’s crust lies the mantle, which is heated by the radioactive decay of heavy elements. The mantle is not quite solid and consists of magma, which is in a state of semi-perpetual convection. This convection process causes the lithospheric plates to move, although slowly. The resulting process is known as plate tectonics. Volcanoes result primarily from the melting of subducted crust material. Crust material that is forced into the asthenosphere melts, and some portion of the melted material becomes light enough to rise to the surface, giving birth to volcanoes.
Development of submerged arc welding flux from rice straw ash
Published in Materials and Manufacturing Processes, 2023
Jatinder Garg, Kulwant Singh, Love Kumar, Lalta Prasad
Submerged arc welding (SAW) is a widely used industrial process.[1–3] The usage of the SAW process is growing continuously, which increases the demand for welding flux. SAW fluxes are manufactured by mixing a variety of minerals, mined out from the earth’s crust. Their excessive mining harms the environment and poses a threat of them being exhausted from the earth’s crust.[4,5] These factors have forced researchers to look for alternate and sustainable materials for the manufacturing of SAW fluxes.[6,7] Development of technologies to use waste materials like welding slag, steel slag, and coconut shell ash in the manufacturing of SAW fluxes is a part of this endeavor.[8–10] All these technologies were able to produce good quality SAW fluxes at a much lower cost while achieving environmental benefits.
Study of adsorption characteristics of long chain alkyl amine and petroleum sulfonate on silicates by electrokinetic potential, microflotation, FTIR, and AFM analyses
Published in Particulate Science and Technology, 2019
Savaş Özün, M. Ümit Atalay, Şahinde Demirci
The Earth’s crust is composed mostly of silicate minerals (over 90%) which are classified according to the structure of silicate group. The framework silicates are the most widespread groups forming more than two thirds of the crust. Feldspars and quartz, as members of framework silicate group, are the most abundant minerals in the Earth’s crust. They are significant components of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks and are commonly found together with associated minerals such as mica, clay, and heavy minerals (such as magnetite, ilmenite, and rutile), etc., in nature. To meet the industrial demand for high quality feldspar and quartz, the grade of the concentrate is increased by removing the unwanted minerals, impurities by physical, physicochemical, and chemical methods. As silicates respond poorly to gravity separation technique, the only successful way to process feldspar is by flotation (Bayat, Arslan, and Cebeci 2006). The flotation of silicates is often performed in a reverse manner. The unwanted minerals are floated while feldspar or quartz is depressed.
On the application of drones: a progress report in mining operations
Published in International Journal of Mining, Reclamation and Environment, 2021
Khadija Omar Said, Moshood Onifade, Joseph Muchiri Githiria, Jibril Abdulsalam, Michael Oluwatosin Bodunrin, Bekir Genc, Oluwagbenga Johnson, Jide Muili Akande
Mining affects the earth crust due to extraction of huge volumes of material from the ground. This process tends to affect the composition and structure of abandoned mines. Other than rehabilitating and reclaiming, it is important to continuously monitor abandoned mines to ensure that they do not pose any hazard to the ecosystem. Due to their safe and fast data collection abilities, drones have demonstrated good potential for monitoring abandoned mines such as quantifying damage done due to subsidence [120], identifying radiation contamination of an abandoned uranium mine [131] and mapping of acid mine drainage of the Sokolov lignite mine [99].