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Minimally Invasive Microneedle Sensors Developments in Wearable Healthcare Devices
Published in Suresh Kaushik, Vijay Soni, Efstathia Skotti, Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, 2022
Akshay Krishnakumar, Ganesh Kumar Mani, Raghavv Raghavender Suresh, Arockia Jayalatha Kulandaisamy, Kazuyoshi Tsuchiya, John Bosco Balaguru Rayappan
Two popular models namely, phenomenal and accessible consciousness models, have been widely discussed towards pondering the enigmatic concept of ‘consciousness’ (Block 2007). While the former considers only conscious experiences of individuals, the latter gives insight on the relationship between awareness and unawareness-based responses and is seen to be more optimal to ponder the effects of induced awareness through meditation practices. The way in which information obtained from the environment is perceived inturn regulates our emotions and this is achieved via a complex interaction between conscious and unconscious mechanisms. Apart from coordinating trivial senses associated with motion, touch, and more, unconscious mechanisms may also bring in past memories that may be strongly or sparsely related to the environment, which is an individual experience and thus tends to divert his/her attention from activities being performed. Such digressions affect an individual’s performance and may also add to negative or stressful feelings upsetting his/her mental well-being Mindfulness meditation, a Buddhist mediation practice, emphasizes paying attention and the need to control implicit feelings and accepting such mind states, thereby fostering one towards handling stressful life events in a constructive manner, hence contributing to one’s psychophysical well-being (Tang et al. 2015). Evidence of this meditation technique to ameliorate several neuronal functions have been reported. Electrophysiological studies involving EEG measurements showed an increase in a and B waves in frontal regions of the brain which implied improvements in focus and attention associated with the individual (Calm and Polich 2006a). The realization of such improvements by an individual via frequently monitoring the progress may bolster one’s intention to continue these practices and promote an individual towards the mediation’s regular practice. In this context, Balconi et al. (Balconi et al. 2017) utilized commercially available wearable sensor MuseTM and reported the effects of periodic intervention during mindfulness meditation practice sessions on stress regulation in the subjects. As shown in Figure 14(a), MuseTM wearable device involves non-invasive measurement of EEG signals and is allied to a smartphone application, which provides an interactive user interface and aids in the process of practicing meditation techniques. Oscillatory profiles and information processing indicators were obtained via frequency and time-domain analysis of EEG, respectively. Changes in the ratio of a to B waves indicated the effect of intervention by the device on the relaxation and activation states of the brain during meditation, which is shown in Figure 14(c) Stress levels reported in terms of perceived stress scale indicated a greater reduction in their levels on subjects exposed to periodic intervention in contrast to those that were not exposed to such periodic interventions, as seen in Figure 14(d) (Balconi et al. 2017).
Quick coherence technique facilitating commercial pilots’ psychophysiological resilience to the impact of COVID-19
Published in Ergonomics, 2023
Wen-Chin Li, Jingyi Zhang, Graham Braithwaite, Peter Kearney
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) is a self-reported subjective questionnaire which was developed to measure the degree that ten scenarios in an individual’s life are considered as stressful (Cohen, Kamarck, and Mermelstein 1983). The PSS has become one of the most widely used psychological instruments for measuring perceived stress. It has been used in studies assessing the stressfulness of situations and the effectiveness of stress-reducing interventions (Lee 2012; Oró et al. 2021). The PSS consisted of ten items evaluating the degree to which individuals believe their life has been unpredictable, uncontrollable, and overloaded during the previous month. The PSS-10 also includes a number of direct queries about current levels of experienced stress. The assessed items are general in nature rather than focussing on specific events or experiences. Therefore, it can be used to assess both long-term and short-term situations in one’s life which are considered stressful (Bastianon et al. 2020).
Perceived life stress and anxiety correlate with chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in runners
Published in Journal of Sports Sciences, 2018
The final portion of the questionnaire assessed perceived life stress and anxiety. The 14-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) was utilised to quantify life stress and has been shown to be reliable and correlated with life-event scores, utilisation of health services, and physical and depressive symptoms (Cohen, Kamarck, & Mermelstein, 1983). Participants responded how often they had various thoughts and feelings over the last month (0 to 4 scale), with descriptors of “never”, “almost never”, “sometimes”, “fairly often”, and “very often”. Total scores can range from 0 to 56, and mean scores from the original validation studies conducted with college students and adults in a smoking cessation program ranged from 23 to 25 (Cohen et al., 1983). Anxiety was assessed using the 21-item Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI; Beck, Epstein, Brown, & Steer, 1988). Individuals indicated how much they were bothered by various symptoms over the past month, with ratings ranging from 0 (“not at all”) to 3 (“severely – it bothered me a lot”). Total scores can range from 0 to 63; scores of 3 and 17 have been documented as normative 50th and 90th percentiles in the United States (Gillis, Haaga, & Ford, 1995). Cronbach’s alpha scores for the BAI and PSS in the present study were 0.84 and 0.88, respectively.
Do You Dare to Compare?: The Key Characteristics of Social Media Users Who Frequently Make Online Upward Social Comparisons
Published in International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 2022
Merab Gomez, Dalton Klare, Natalie Ceballos, Stephanie Dailey, Sierra Kaiser, Krista Howard
The Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) asked participants about the frequency of specific thoughts and feelings during the span of the previous month (Cohen et al., 1983). This scale contained a 10-item questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale (1 = Never; 5 = Very often). An example item was “How often have you been upset because of something that happened unexpectedly?” For this sample, the PSS (M = 1.63, SD = 0.17) achieved an alpha reliability = .838.